Energie German · revision 36116

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1732, Zinzendorf|origins=grc ἔργον}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /eneʁˈɡiː/, [ʔe.nɐˈɡiː], [ˌʔɛ-]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''Energie''' ''f'' (genitive Energie, plural Energien)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|fr|énergie]], from [[la-lat|energīa|t=effectiveness]], from [[grc|ἐνέργεια|tr=enérgeia|t=activity, effective force]].^(Kluge 2011|245)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DFWB) Pfeifer and the DFWB date the borrowing to the first half of the 18th century.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DFWB) The Greek noun belongs to the adjective [[m|grc|ἐνεργής|tr=energḗs|t=active, effective]] (Duden names [[m|grc|ἐνεργός|tr=energós]] instead), formed from [[m|grc|ἐν|tr=en|t=in]] and [[m|grc|ἔργον|tr=érgon|t=work]], which is related to [[Werk]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2014|252)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ The DWB revision distinguishes a second, later borrowing: the physical term came in the 19th century from the scientific use of [[en|energy]].^(DWB2|8, 1311) The same Greek word lies behind [[Allergie]], [[Chirurg]] and [[Liturgie]].^(Kluge 2011|245)^(Duden 7 2014|252)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The DFWB's first record (1732) is Zinzendorf's remark that some French and Latin words had been kept “for the sake of greater ''Energie''”, that is, force of expression.^(DFWB)^(Paul 2002) Zedler's lexicon (1734) still has the Greek form ''Energeia'', “the effect or emphasis, force of a thing”.^(DFWB)^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ At first the word meant “vigour, strength of will” and “emphasis”.^(Paul 2002) In the last third of the 18th century Herder used it for an active force, and French revolutionary writings, in which ''énergie'' was a catchword, spread it further.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002)^(DWB2|8, 1311) The adjective [[energisch]] “energetic” was formed in the 18th century after French ''énergique''.^(Duden 7 2014|252)

+

+ The physical concept of energy as stored work or capacity for work was defined in 1800 by the Englishman Thomas Young.^(Paul 2002) In German the physicists' ''Energie'' displaced the older term ''Kraft'', taken from mechanics, in the second half of the 19th century, and Kluge notes that the progress of 19th-century physics shapes the present understanding of the word.^(DWB2|8, 1311)^(Kluge 2011|245)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1732 – First record, in Zinzendorf, in the sense “force of expression”.^(DFWB)^(Paul 2002)

+ * 1734 – Zedler's lexicon explains the Greek form ''Energeia''.^(DFWB)

+ * 1787 – Herder uses the word for an active force.^(Paul 2002)

+ * late 18th century – The French Revolution spreads it as a catchword.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DWB2|8, 1311)

+ * 1800 – Thomas Young gives energy its physical definition.^(Paul 2002)

+ * second half of the 19th century – ''Energie'' replaces ''Kraft'' as the term of physics.^(DWB2|8, 1311)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|vigour]], drive: physical and mental strength used with determination and persistence: ''Mit viel Energie baute sie den Verein wieder auf.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Duden Fremdwörterbuch 2007)

+ # ''(rare)'' [[m|en|emphasis]], resolution in speaking or demanding.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(physics)'' [[m|en|energy]]: the capacity of a substance, body or system to do work: ''Beim Verbrennen von Holz wird Energie frei.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Duden Fremdwörterbuch 2007)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[energisch]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[Werk]]

+ * [[Allergie]]

+ * [[Chirurg]]

+ * [[Liturgie]]

+ * [[Organ]]

+ * [[en|energy]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}