Fraktion German · revision 36111

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1694|origins=la frangō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /fʁakˈt͡si̯oːn/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''Fraktion''' ''f'' (genitive Fraktion, plural Fraktionen)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|fr|fraction|t=fraction, part; grouping]], from [[la|frāctiō|t=breaking]], from [[m|la|frangō|t=to break]], past participle [[m|la|frāctus]].^(Kluge 2011|313)^(DFWB)^(Duden GWDS 1999) Kluge dates it to the 17th century; the DFWB finds it rarely from the end of the 17th century and frequently only from the early 19th, and allows that it may have come from Latin directly.^(Kluge 2011|313)^(DFWB) Pfeifer derives it from [[la-lat|frāctiō]] “breaking”.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ Duden thinks the political sense arose under the influence of the now obsolete [[Faktion]] “party”, from [[m|la|factiō]];^(Duden 7 2020|284)^(Paul 2002) Paul says that the new word displaced it.^(Duden 7 2020|284)^(Paul 2002) The same word is [[en|fraction]], [[nl|fractie]], [[da|fraktion]] and [[sv|fraktion]]; [[Fragment]] and [[Fraktur]] belong to the same Latin verb.^(Kluge 2011|313)^(DFWB)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The earliest records are mathematical: in 1694 ''Brüche oder Fractionen'' “fractions”, and in Zedler's lexicon (1733) ''Fractio'' as a number that measures a part of a unit.^(DFWB)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In the 18th century the word meant “division, part”; the DWB revision's first record, from 1770, is unclear, and a 1809 text uses it for a share of a burden.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002)^(DWB2|9, 868) In the 1830s it became political, at first for a group that separates from a party: Heyse (1835) defines it so, and an 1843 text ranks extremists, ''Fractionen'', coteries and cliques.^(Paul 2002)^(Pfeifer 1993) It then narrowed to the members of one party in a parliament.^(Paul 2002) [[Fraktionszwang]], the obligation to vote with one's group, dates from the early 20th century.^(Pfeifer 1993)

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+ Chemistry uses it for a part separated from a mixture, as in distillation.^(Wahrig Herkunftswörterbuch)^(Duden GWDS 1999) In Austria it is an outlying part of a municipality; in Switzerland, South Tyrol and Liechtenstein the sense “hamlet” was adapted from [[it|frazione]].^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1694 – First record, in mathematics, “fraction of a number”.^(DFWB)

+ * 1733 – Zedler's lexicon defines ''Fractio'' in arithmetic.^(DFWB)

+ * 18th century – The sense “division, part”.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002)

+ * 1830s – The political sense “a group within a party” appears.^(Paul 2002)^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 1835 – Heyse defines it as a part separating from a political party.^(Paul 2002)

+ * early 20th century – ''Fraktionszwang'' is formed.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A parliamentary [[m|en|group]]: all the members of a party, or of allied parties, in a parliament: ''Die Fraktion stimmte geschlossen gegen das Gesetz.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A [[m|en|faction]] within an organization.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Duden Fremdwörterbuch 2007)

+ # ''(Austria)'' An outlying part of a [[m|en|municipality]];^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary) ''(Switzerland, South Tyrol, Liechtenstein)'' a [[m|en|hamlet]].^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(chemistry)'' A [[m|en|fraction]]: a product obtained in separating or purifying a mixture, such as a distillate.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Fraktionszwang]]

+ * [[fraktionslos]]

+ * [[Fraktionsvorsitzender]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[Fragment]]

+ * [[Fraktur]]

+ * [[fragil]]

+ * [[en|fraction]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}