perfrico Latin · revision 36108

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=234–149 BC, Cato|origins=la fricō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈpɛr.frɪ.koː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈpɛr.fri.ko]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''perfricō''' (present infinitive perfricāre, perfect active perfricuī, supine perfricātum or perfrictum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+ Beside the perfect ⟨perfricuī⟩ there is a later ⟨perfricāvī⟩, and beside the participle ⟨perfricātus⟩ the form ⟨perfrictus⟩, used by Apuleius and Marcellus.^(TLL)^(OLD 2012) Manuscripts sometimes spell it ⟨perfrig-⟩ or ⟨perfreg-⟩.^(TLL)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|per-|fricō|t1=thoroughly|t2=to rub]].^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan lists it among the derivatives of [[m|la|friō|t=to crumble]]; he takes [[m|la|fricō]] to presuppose an adjective [[itc-pro|*fri-ko-]], probably built beside [[m|itc-pro|*frio-]], which goes back to [[ine-pro|*bʰriH-o-|t=cut]].^(de Vaan 2008) Cognate with [[sa|भ्रीणन्ति|tr=bhrīṇánti|t=they cut]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ De Vaan dates it from Cato,^(de Vaan 2008) whose treatise on farming uses it of rubbing all over.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(TLL)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Its basic sense is to rub thoroughly or all over.^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913) The TLL notes that it is found from Cato, Cicero and Varro on and is frequent in medical writers, above all Celsus, Vegetius' veterinary manual and Marcellus;^(TLL) Celsus uses it of massaging the body, the limbs or the head, often with oil.^(Georges 1913)^(Conte 2010) Petronius has a face smeared all over with soot, and Apuleius eyes rubbed hard.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Conte 2010) Cicero's ''caput perfricans'' is a man scratching his head in embarrassment.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Conte 2010)

+

+ Rubbing the face to wipe away a blush gave the phrases ''os'', ''frontem'' or ''faciem perfricare'', to cast off shame and put on a bold face.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) Cicero uses ''cum os perfricuisti'' in the ''Tusculan Disputations'', and the orator Calvus tells an opponent to rub his brow and call himself worthier than Cato.^(OLD 2012) Martial writes of a woman who rubbed her brow and laid aside her shame, Quintilian of making the face shameless, and Seneca says flattery wipes away its own blushes and makes others blush.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 234–149 BC – Cato uses it of rubbing all over.^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses ''os perfricare'' of casting off shame.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 14–37 AD – Celsus uses it often of massage.^(Georges 1913)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 40–102/103 AD – Martial uses ''frontem perfricare'' of a shameless woman.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 125–175 AD – Apuleius uses the participle ⟨perfrictus⟩ of rubbed eyes.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|rub]] all over or thoroughly, [[m|en|massage]]; to smooth by rubbing.^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913)

+ # To rub over (with something), [[m|en|smear]].^(Gaffiot 2016)^(Conte 2010)

+ # (with ''os'', ''frontem'' or ''faciem'') To rub away one's blushes, cast off [[m|en|shame]], show [[m|en|effrontery]].^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[perfrictiō]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[affricō]]

+ * [[circumfricō]]

+ * [[cōnfricō]]

+ * [[dēfricō]]

+ * [[fricō]]

+ * [[īnfricō]]

+ * [[refricō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}