congemo Latin · revision 36102

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=81–43 BC, Cicero|origins=la gemō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ˈkɔŋ.ɡɛ.moː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [ˈkɔn̠ʲ.d͡ʒe.mo]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''congemō''' (present infinitive congemere, perfect active congemuī); third conjugation, no supine stem^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|con-|gemō|t1=together, thoroughly|t2=to groan]].^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Wiktionary) The origin of [[m|la|gemō]] is uncertain.^(de Vaan 2008) Most scholars connected it with [[grc|γέμω|tr=gémō|t=to be full]], but de Vaan finds the change of meaning hard to imagine; he cites Vine, who reconstructs a root [[ine-pro|*Gen(H)-|t=to call]] and compares [[m|grc|γέγωνα|tr=gégōna|t=to shout so as to be heard]] and [[xto|ken-|t=to call]], with Latin /m/ for /n/ on the model of [[m|la|fremō|t=to roar]] and [[m|la|tremō|t=to tremble]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The earliest examples are in Cicero, where the full senate groans aloud, and Lucretius, who asks why one groans and weeps over death.^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Intransitively it means to groan or utter a cry of grief or pain.^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913) Besides Cicero's senate, Suetonius has Tiberius groan as if unequal to his grief, Statius men crushed under one mass, and Petronius a groan with wringing of hands.^(OLD 2012)^(TLL) Virgil uses it of an ash tree that gives a last groan as it falls, and an ancient gloss renders that use as ''crepuit'', “creaked”.^(TLL)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Lewis and Short call it rare but classical.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ Transitively it means to bewail or lament:^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913) Lucretius uses it of death, Valerius Flaccus of the dead Idmon on the bier, and Apuleius of a whole city lamenting the sad fate of a royal house.^(OLD 2012)^(Conte 2010) It continued in Christian and late writers: the Vulgate uses it in Jeremiah of groaning in pain, Jerome uses it in his letters, and Gregory of Tours writes of a city that did not groan under any burden of tribute.^(TLL)^(Georges 1913)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of the senate groaning aloud.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 96–55 BC – Lucretius uses it transitively, of bewailing death.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 70–19 BC – Virgil uses it of a falling ash tree.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 75–c. 150 AD – Suetonius uses it of Tiberius' grief.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 538/539–594 AD – Gregory of Tours uses it of a city burdened by tribute.^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # (intransitive) To utter a cry of grief or pain, [[m|en|groan]] deeply;^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913) (of things) to make a moaning noise.^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913)

+ # (transitive) To [[m|en|bewail]], [[m|en|lament]] for.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[gemō]]

+ * [[gemitus]]

+ * [[ingemō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}