infeste Latin · revision 36099

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=81–43 BC, Cicero|origins=la īnfestus}}

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''īnfestē''' (comparative īnfestius, superlative īnfestissimē)^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|īnfestus|-ē|t1=hostile]].^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010) De Vaan finds the origin of [[m|la|īnfestus]] unclear: he tentatively reconstructs [[itc-pro|*en-fristo-|t=rushing in]], which would fit if [[m|la|festīnō|t=to hurry]] and [[m|la|cōnfestim|t=at once]] contain a noun meaning “hurry”, but he finds a connection with [[ine-pro|*dʰers-|t=to be bold]] not compelling, and the old derivation meaning “implacable”, still defended by Leumann, semantically and phonetically weaker.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The TLL's first example is a line of the tragic poet Pompilius, asking why Fortune presses the speaker so hostilely;^(TLL) Köbler dates it from Cicero,^(Köbler 2010) who joins the superlative with ''inimicissime'', of contending in the most hostile way.^(TLL)^(Georges 1913)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It means in a hostile way, bitterly or savagely, and is used often in the comparative and superlative.^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913) Livy has a lictor tearing a man's clothes all the more violently the more fiercely he shouted, of acting more stubbornly and more hostilely, and of what an enemy had done hostilely against Rome.^(TLL)^(Georges 1913) Velleius, Quintilian, Tacitus and Suetonius use it too, and Tacitus writes of disasters that came more often and more savagely.^(TLL) Fronto says that Cato speaks hostilely in an assembly, and Apuleius has an ass wounded savagely by the points of thorns.^(TLL)^(Georges 1913) Ammianus still uses it in the 4th century.^(TLL)

+

+ A charter of about 975 uses the superlative of the prince of this world, who rules most cruelly over the followers of vice.^(DMLBS)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses the superlative with ''inimicissime''.^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 59 BC–17 AD – Livy uses the comparative of violent action.^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 98–115 AD – Tacitus uses it of disasters that came savagely.^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 125–175 AD – Apuleius uses it of wounding thorns.^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 975 – An English charter uses the superlative of the devil's rule.^(DMLBS)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # In a [[m|en|hostile]] way, as an enemy, bitterly.^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913)

+ # [[m|en|violently|alt=Violently]], savagely, aggressively.^(OLD 2012)^(Conte 2010)^(DMLBS)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[īnfestus]]

+ * [[īnfestō]]

+ * [[īnfēnsē]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}