laboriose Latin · revision 36052

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=81–43 BC, Cicero|origins=la labor}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ɫa.boː.riˈoː.seː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [la.bo.riˈɔː.s̬e]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''labōriōsē''' (comparative labōriōsius, superlative labōriōsissimē)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|labōriōsus|-ē|t1=toilsome, laborious]].^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary)^(Bianchi & Lelli 2014) De Vaan lists the adjective among the derivatives of [[m|la|labor#2|t=toil]]; he finds the usual connection of that noun with [[m|la|labō|t=to totter]] unconvincing.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler dates it from Catullus,^(Köbler 2010) but the OLD's earliest examples include Cicero, who says that the cleverer a man is, the more irritably and laboriously he teaches.^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It means with much labour, laboriously,^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) as in Cicero's prosecutors who accuse most diligently and laboriously, Celsus' ingredients for plasters ground with effort and Pliny the Elder's lead mined in Spain with more labour.^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913) Suetonius uses the superlative of administering justice with great perseverance.^(Georges 1913)

+

+ It also meant with hardship or suffering:^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016) Catullus writes ''malest … tuo Catullo, malest … et laboriose'', “it goes badly and painfully for your Catullus”,^(OLD 2012)^(Conte 2010) Seneca joins it with ''dure'' and ''aspere'', and Pliny the Elder reports from Theophrastus that old men sneeze with more difficulty.^(OLD 2012) British medieval writers used both senses,^(DMLBS) and Bede writes of holding the seat of a kingdom for twenty-eight years ''laboriosissime''.^(DMLBS)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it of teaching laboriously.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81/79–52/50 BC – Catullus uses it of suffering.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 14–37 AD – Celsus uses it of grinding ingredients.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 23/24–79 AD – Pliny the Elder uses it of mining lead.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # With much [[m|en|labour]], [[m|en|laboriously]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # With [[m|en|hardship]] or suffering, painfully.^(OLD 2012)^(Gaffiot 2016)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[labōriōsus]]

+ * [[labor#2]]

+ * [[labōrō]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}