introrsum Latin · revision 36028

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=compound|attested=96–55 BC, Lucretius|origins=la intrō, la versus}}

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''intrōrsum''' (not comparable)^(Wiktionary)

+ It is also found as ''introrsus'', ''intrōsum'' and ''intrōsus'',^(OLD 2012)^(Georges 1913) and uncontracted as ''introversus'' (''introvorsus'').^(Georges 1913)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|intrō#1|versus#2|t1=inside|t2=towards]], contracted.^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Wiktionary) De Vaan explains ⟨intrō⟩ as an old ablative of [[ine-pro|*h₁en-tero-|t=situated within]], derived from [[ine-pro|*h₁en|t=in]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Köbler records it from Lucretius,^(Köbler 2010) who writes of breath of which part is driven out and part withdraws inwards;^(OLD 2012) Varro has trees leaning inwards.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ It means inwards, to the inside: Livy has the enemy taken into the middle of the camp, and Caesar a wooded hill that could not easily be seen into.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Conte 2010) It also means on the inside or within: Sallust says that Bithynia is the first part of Asia, going inwards, and Livy reports tribunes shouting that there was no strength within.^(OLD 2012)^(Conte 2010)

+

+ Figuratively it is inwardly, at heart: Seneca tells someone to hide grief inwardly, says that things shine outside but are wretched within, and calls a man happy inwardly.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Conte 2010) Horace writes of a man whom his whole household sees to be foul within,^(Lewis & Short 1879) and Ovid of tears welling up inside.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) British Medieval Latin also uses it for inwardly or privately.^(DMLBS) English formed [[m|en|introrse]] from ''introrsus'' in 1831.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 96–55 BC – Lucretius uses it of breath withdrawing inwards.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 50 BC – Caesar has ''introrsus'' of a hill hard to see into.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 65–8 BC – Horace uses it of a man foul within.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 4 BC–65 AD – Seneca uses it of hidden grief.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1831 – English forms [[m|en|introrse]] from ''introrsus''.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # To the inside, [[m|en|inwards]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # On the inside, within, [[m|en|internally]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # ''(figurative)'' [[m|en|inwardly|alt=Inwardly]], at heart.^(OLD 2012)^(Conte 2010)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' Privately.^(DMLBS)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[retrōrsum]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}