verweisen German · revision 35981

+ {{homograph|1|to rebuke}}

+

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=790, Old High German glosses|origins=gem-pro *frawītaną}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /fɛɐ̯ˈvaɪ̯zn̩/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''verweisen''' (class 1 strong, third-person singular present verweist, past tense verwies, past participle verwiesen, auxiliary haben)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The verb meaning “to rebuke” is [[inh|gmh|verwīzen]], [[inh|goh|firwīzan]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*frawītan]], [[inh|gem-pro|*frawītaną|t=to punish, scold]].^(Kluge 2011|958)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary) It corresponds to [[got|𐍆𐍂𐌰𐍅𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽|tr=fraweitan|t=to do justice, avenge]], [[gml|vorwīten]] and [[nl|verwijten|t=to reproach]], and is a prefixed form of a strong verb seen in [[goh|wīzan]], [[gmh|wīzen|t=to notice, reproach, punish]], [[osx|wītan]], [[ang|wītan|t=to reproach]] and [[non|víta|t=to punish]], beside the noun [[m|goh|wīzi|t=punishment]].^(Kluge 2011|958)^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ Its further origin is unclear.^(Pfeifer 1993) Kluge compares, perhaps, [[la|vindex|t=guarantor, protector, avenger]], and probably [[ine-pro|*weiə-|t=to pursue, avenge]].^(Kluge 2011|958) Pfeifer and Duden report the usual connection with [[m|ine-pro|*u̯eid-|t=to see]], the root of [[wissen]]: “to notice a fault” would have become “to reproach”, as in [[m|la|animadvertō|t=to notice; to punish]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|905) Seebold instead proposed a dental extension of the root of “to go after, pursue”.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''firwīzan'' is first recorded in glosses of 790, and then in Notker and Otfrid, meaning “to reproach, blame, revile”.^(Köbler AHD) Middle High German ''verwīzen'' “to reproach with punishment or blame” is common, for example in the ''Kaiserchronik'' (about 1150) and the ''Nibelungenlied''.^(Köbler MHD)^(Lexer 1872|3, 312)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Since the 15th century the verb has coincided in form with ''verwīsen'' “to refer, send away”; the loss of the simple verb ''wīzen'' made people take it as a compound of [[weisen]].^(Duden 7 2020|905)^(DWB|25, 2184) Its meaning stayed as in Old and Middle High German, with a note of authority: Schiller has ''verwies dem Volke in sanften Worten sein gewaltsames Beginnen'' (“gently rebuked the people for their violent action”).^(Paul 2002) It is now elevated in style.^(Paul 2002)^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ The noun [[Verweis]] “reprimand” is a back-formation, late Middle High German ''verwīʒ''; in modern use it is an official reprimand, a disciplinary measure.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 790 – Old High German ''firwīzan'' appears in glosses.^(Köbler AHD)

+ * about 1150 – Middle High German ''verwīzen'' in the ''Kaiserchronik''.^(Köbler MHD)

+ * late Middle High German – The noun ''verwīʒ'' “rebuke” is formed.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|905)

+ * 15th century – The verb merges in form with ''verweisen'' “to refer”.^(Duden 7 2020|905)^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ * 1827 – ''verweisend'' “reproving” is recorded as an adjective.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # ''(elevated)'' To [[m|en|reproach]] someone for something: ''Die Großmutter verwies dem Jungen seine Frechheit.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # ''(elevated)'' To [[m|en|forbid]] someone a behaviour.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(elevated)'' To [[m|en|rebuke]], reprimand.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Verweis]]

+

+ {{homograph|2|to refer, to expel}}

+

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=second half of the 12th century, Himmelreich|origins=gem-pro *wīsijaną}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /fɛɐ̯ˈvaɪ̯zn̩/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''verweisen''' (class 1 strong, third-person singular present verweist, past tense verwies, past participle verwiesen, auxiliary haben)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ The verb meaning “to refer, send away” is [[inh|gmh|verwīsen]], formed with the prefix [[ver-]] from [[m|gmh|wīsen]], the ancestor of [[weisen]] “to show, point”.^(Duden 7 2020|905)^(Paul 2002)^(Köbler MHD) That verb is [[goh|wīsen]] and [[osx|wīsian]], from [[gem-pro|*wīsijaną]], and the same verb is [[non|vísa]], [[ang|wīsan]] and [[ofs|wīsa]].^(Kluge 2011|980) Kluge connects it with [[ine-pro|*weid-|t=to appear, see, know]], the root of [[wissen]], but finds the details of the formation unclear;^(Kluge 2011|980)^(Duden 7 2020|926) Duden derives it from the adjective [[weise]], which Kluge thinks unlikely.^(Kluge 2011|980)^(Duden 7 2020|926) The Grimms' dictionary notes that the verb meaning “to refer” is related through this root to the one meaning “to rebuke”.^(DWB|25, 2184)

+

+ The simple verb was weak until the 16th century, and the prefixed verb, weak at first too, went over to strong inflection.^(Kluge 2011|980)^(DWB|25, 2184)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Middle High German ''verwīsen'' meant “to send away, banish, expel”, “to disinherit a child” and also “to direct wrongly, lead astray”.^(Lexer 1872|3, 312)^(Köbler MHD) Köbler's earliest text is the ''Himmelreich'' (second half of the 12th century), where the eternal light drives away the shadow of the night.^(Köbler MHD)^(Lexer 1872|3, 312)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Its usual senses are “to send away”, as in Schiller's ''wir selbst wurden des Landes verwiesen'' (“we ourselves were banished from the country”), and “to direct to another place or person”.^(Paul 2002) The noun ''Verweis'' meant “assignment” until the 15th century and then went out of use; from about 1850 it returned as “cross-reference”, beside [[Verweisung]].^(Paul 2002) In ball games a player sent off is ''des Platzes verwiesen'', given a [[Platzverweis]].^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * second half of the 12th century – Middle High German ''verwīsen'' in the ''Himmelreich''.^(Köbler MHD)

+ * 15th century – The noun ''Verweis'' “assignment” goes out of use.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 15th century – The verb merges in form with ''verweisen'' “to rebuke”.^(Duden 7 2020|905)

+ * about 1850 – ''Verweis'' returns as “cross-reference”.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|refer]] to something, point it out: ''Der Autor verweist auf eine ältere Untersuchung.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # To send someone to another person or office: ''Man verwies mich an die Personalabteilung.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # ''(law)'' To refer a case to another court.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # To [[m|en|expel]], to send away from a place: ''jemanden des Landes verweisen'';^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary) ''Der Schiedsrichter verwies den Torwart vom Platz.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To direct someone to go to a certain place.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Verweisung]]

+ * [[Platzverweis]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[weisen]]

+ * [[wissen]]

+ * [[beweisen]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}