Vorwurf German · revision 35978

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation, calque|attested=c. 1300, Meister Eckhart|origins=gem-pro *werpaną}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈfoːʁˌvʊʁf/, [ˈfoːɐ̯ˌvʊɐ̯f]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''Vorwurf''' ''m'' (genitive Vorwurfes or Vorwurfs, plural Vorwürfe)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ In its main sense “reproach” it is a noun formed from the verb [[vorwerfen]], recorded since the 16th century.^(Kluge 2011|964)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|914) The verb, [[gmh|vürwerfen]], [[goh|furiwerfan]], first meant “to throw before someone” and took on the sense “to bring up against someone, reproach” in the 15th century.^(Wahrig Herkunftswörterbuch) It is formed from [[werfen]], [[m|goh|werfan]], from [[gem-pro|*werpaną]].^(Köbler AHD) In the older sense “object, subject” the word is [[m|gmh|vürwurf]], a 14th-century loan translation of [[la|obiectum|t=that which lies opposite]], itself a rendering of [[grc|πρόβλημα|tr=próblēma]].^(Kluge 2011|964)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|914) Middle Low German [[m|gml|vorwerp]] and Middle Dutch [[m|dum|vorewerp]] are formed in the same way, and the word survives in [[nl|voorwerp|t=object]].^(DWB|26, 1967)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The word first appears in the language of the mystics around 1300, partly in Meister Eckhart, for what is set before the senses or the mind, an object.^(Köbler MHD)^(Kluge 2011|964)^(Pfeifer 1993) A mystical text says ''got ein vorworf aller vornunfte glîchlîchen alse daz licht der sunnen ist ein vorwurf der ougen'', “God is an object of all understanding, just as the light of the sun is an object of the eyes”.^(DWB|26, 1967) In the Kolmar song manuscript it also names a song sung first as a challenge to answer.^(Köbler MHD)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The sense “objection, remonstrance, reproach” arose in early New High German, in the 16th century, as the noun of ''vorwerfen'' “to put forward, to reproach”.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|914) The older sense “object” gave way to ''Gegenwurf'' in early New High German, came back in pietist religious language of the 17th and 18th centuries, and under the influence of French ''objet'' and ''sujet'' entered general use, above all as the subject of a work of art.^(DWB|26, 1967) Haller, Hagedorn, Lessing and Schiller used it in this sense, and Gottfried Keller formed the Swiss adjective ''vorwürfig''.^(Paul 2002) Gottsched in 1758 and Adelung recommended ''Gegenstand'' instead, which replaced it outside aesthetics.^(DWB|26, 1967) Adelung also records a hunting sense, the bait or carrion laid out for beasts of prey.^(Adelung 1793) Today ''Vorwurf'' “subject” is rare.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1300 – ''vürwurf'' “object” appears in the writings of the mystics, partly in Meister Eckhart.^(Köbler MHD)

+ * 15th century – ''vorwerfen'' takes on the sense “to reproach”.^(Wahrig Herkunftswörterbuch)

+ * 16th century – ''Vorwurf'' “reproach” is first recorded.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|914)

+ * 18th century – The word comes to mean the subject of literature, music or art.^(Duden 7 2020|914)

+ * 1758 – Gottsched recommends ''Gegenstand'' in its place.^(DWB|26, 1967)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|reproach]] or [[m|en|accusation]], words that blame someone for what they have done: ''Die Opposition erhob schwere Vorwürfe gegen die Ministerin.'' ''jemandem Vorwürfe machen'', to reproach someone.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(rare)'' The [[m|en|subject]] or theme of a work of art: ''Die alte Sage diente dem Komponisten als Vorwurf für eine Oper.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(rugby)'' A [[m|en|forward pass]].^(Wiktionary DE)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[vorwurfsvoll]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[vorwerfen]]

+ * [[werfen]]

+ * [[Wurf]]

+ * [[Objekt]]

+ * [[Gegenstand]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}