her German · revision 35975

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 800, Old High German|origins=gem-pro *hi-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /heːr/, [heːɐ̯], [hɛɐ̯]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''her''' (adverb; also a stressed separable prefix of verbs, as in ''herkommen'')^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|her]], [[inh|goh|hera]], formed with a suffix of direction from the pronominal stem [[gem-pro|*hi-|t=this]], which points to the place where the speaker stands.^(Kluge 2011|410)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kroonen 2013) Old High German [[m|goh|wara|t=whither]] and [[m|goh|dara|t=thither]] are formed in the same way, and the latter stands to [[m|goh|dār|t=there]] as this adverb stands to [[hier]].^(Kluge 2011|410)^(Wiktionary)^(EWA|4, 961) The same stem is in [[hin]], [[heute]] and [[heuer]] and in [[en|he]], and goes back to [[ine-pro|*ḱe-|alt=*ḱe-, *ḱ(e)i-|t=this]], which also gave [[la|cis|t=on this side]] and the Latin particle [[m|la|-ce]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2014|380) Related forms are Dutch [[m|nl|her]] and perhaps [[got|𐌷𐌹𐍂𐌹|tr=hiri]], whereas [[got|𐌷𐌴𐍂|tr=hēr]], [[osx|hēr]], [[ang|hēr]] and [[non|hér]] mean “here” and belong with that word.^(Wiktionary)^(DWB|10, 999) Alemannic has [[gsw|har]], already in Notker.^(EWA|4, 961)^(DWB|10, 999)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''hera'' is first recorded around 800, meaning “hither, to this place”, and also “down to earth, into this world”.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(EWA|4, 961) Schützeichel finds it in the Merseburg Charms, the Lorsch Bee Blessing, Tatian, Otfrid, Williram and Notker;^(Schützeichel 2012|149)^(EWA|4, 961) Notker also uses ''fona hera'' in a temporal sense, “until now”.^(Schützeichel 2012|149)^(EWA|4, 961)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ ''her'' marks movement towards the speaker, the opposite of [[hin]]; carried over to time it covers a span reaching from the past into the speaker's present, as in ''es ist ein Jahr her'', [[bisher]] and [[seither]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2014|380) Joined to adverbs of rest it makes adverbs of direction such as [[daher]], [[dorther]] and [[woher]], and with a named starting point (''von Westen her'') the starting point comes to the fore, so that the movement need not be towards the speaker.^(Kluge 2011|410)^(Pfeifer 1993) Its compounds are partly old (Old High German ''hera ūʒ'' “out here”, ''hera nāh'' “afterwards”), partly later, such as [[herein]] (15th century) and [[herbei]] (16th century).^(Pfeifer 1993) Already in early New High German the ''h'' was lost in unstressed use (''erab'', ''eraus''), and then the ''e'' too (''raus'', ''rein''); in northern colloquial German these forms also serve for movement away from the speaker, as already in Lessing.^(Paul 2002)^(DWB|10, 999) In verbs such as [[herstellen]] and ''herrichten'' it marks a purpose rather than a direction.^(Duden 7 2014|380)^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 800 – Old High German ''hera'' is first recorded.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(EWA|4, 961)

+ * 15th century – ''herein'' and ''herabe'' appear.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 16th century – ''herbei'' appears.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 18th century – Lessing uses ''herüber'' for movement away from the speaker.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # [[m|en|hither]], here, towards the speaker, often as a command: ''Komm sofort her!'' ''Her mit dem Schlüssel!'' ''Wo ist sie her?'', where does she come from? Colloquial ''hinter jemandem her sein'', to be after someone.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # [[m|en|ago]], back from now: ''Das ist schon drei Jahre her.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # With ''von'': from a place, a time or a point of view: ''Vom Fluss her wehte ein kalter Wind.'' ''Von der Form her gefällt mir die Vase.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[herab]]

+ * [[heran]]

+ * [[herauf]]

+ * [[heraus]]

+ * [[herbei]]

+ * [[herein]]

+ * [[herüber]]

+ * [[herum]]

+ * [[herunter]]

+ * [[hervor]]

+ * [[hierher]]

+ * [[woher]]

+ * [[daher]]

+ * [[bisher]]

+ * [[seither]]

+ * [[herstellen]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[her-]]

+ * [[hier]]

+ * [[hin]]

+ * [[heute]]

+ * [[heuer]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}