heiß German · revision 35965

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=9th century, Old High German glosses|origins=gem-pro *haitaz}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /haɪ̯s/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''heiß''' (strong nominative masculine singular heißer, comparative heißer, superlative am heißesten)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|heiz]], [[inh|goh|heiz]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*hait]], [[inh|gem-pro|*haitaz|t=hot]].^(Kluge 2011|407)^(Wiktionary)^(Kroonen 2013) The same word is [[osx|hēt]], [[nl|heet]], [[ang|hāt]], whence [[m|en|hot]], [[ofs|hēt]], [[non|heitr]] and [[sv|het]];^(Kluge 2011|407)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(EWA) Gothic has only the ablauting noun [[got|𐌷𐌴𐌹𐍄𐍉|tr=heito|t=fever]].^(Kluge 2011|407)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(EWA)

+

+ Kluge derives it from a d-extension of [[ine-pro|*kai-|t=to burn]], seen with a t-extension in [[lt|kaĩsti|t=to heat, become hot]] and without extension in [[goh|gihei|t=heat, drought]]; it may be the same root as *kai- “to shine” (see [[heiter]]).^(Kluge 2011|407)^(Pfeifer 1993) The EWA describes the adjective as formed with a suffix to [[m|goh|hei|t=heat, blight]].^(EWA|4, 915) Kroonen sees an o-grade adjective of a root *keid-, which implies an unrecorded strong verb, and finds no certain cognates outside Germanic.^(Kroonen 2013)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''heiz'' appears in glosses from about the middle of the 9th century and in Otfrid, Notker and Williram, meaning “hot, glowing, burning, fiery, violent”;^(EWA|4, 915)^(Schützeichel 2012|146) ''heizêr tag'' was a hot summer day, and ''heiz wesan'' meant “to lie close to one's heart”.^(EWA|4, 915)^(Schützeichel 2012|146) Compounds such as ''heizherzi'' are recorded as early as the 8th century.^(Kluge 2011|407)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ ''Heiß'' and ''kalt'' are set against each other from Middle High German on.^(Paul 2002) Figuratively the word describes strong feeling, as in Luther's ''heiße Tränen'' or the ''heißes Bemühn'' of Goethe's Faust.^(Paul 2002) It also describes a pleasant warmth, as of a bath or soup in Stieler, and something new or current, and in sport a strong contender, as in ''heißer Favorit''.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ In the 20th century it took over several senses of English [[m|en|hot]]: of music “exciting”, of goods “stolen, illegal”, and of films or clothes “provocative”, and ''heißer Draht'' renders ''hot line''.^(Duden 7 2020|363)^(Paul 2002) ''Heißhunger'' is a back-formation of the later 17th century from ''heißhungrig'', and ''Heißsporn'' was A. W. Schlegel's rendering, in 1800, of Shakespeare's ''Hotspur''.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 8th century – Compounds such as ''heizherzi'' are recorded.^(Kluge 2011|407)

+ * Mid-9th century – Old High German ''heiz'' appears in glosses.^(EWA|4, 915)

+ * First half of the 17th century – ''heißhungrig'' is recorded.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * Second half of the 17th century – ''Heißhunger'' is formed from it.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 1800 – Schlegel renders ''Hotspur'' as ''Heißsporn''.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 20th century – Senses borrowed from English ''hot'' appear.^(Duden 7 2020|363)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Very warm, of a high [[m|en|temperature]]; [[m|en|hot]]: ''Der Sand am Strand war glühend heiß.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # [[m|en|fierce|alt=Fierce]], heated: ''ein heißer Streit um die Steuern''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # Felt with great intensity; [[m|en|ardent]]: ''Sein heißester Traum ist ein eigenes Pferd.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # Exciting, [[m|en|provocative]]: ''heiße Musik'';^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Duden 7 2020|363) ''ein heißes Kleid''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Duden 7 2020|363)

+ # ''(colloquial)'' Dangerous, full of conflict: ''Das Thema ist politisch heiß.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(nuclear physics)'' Highly [[m|en|radioactive]].^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # Of animals, in [[m|en|heat]];^(Wiktionary)^(Wiktionary DE) ''(informal)'' of people, sexually aroused.^(Wiktionary)^(Wiktionary DE)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Heißhunger]]

+ * [[Heißsporn]]

+ * [[brühheiß]]

+ * [[siedend heiß]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[Hitze]]

+ * [[heizen]]

+ * [[heiter]]

+ * [[en|hot]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Es überläuft jemanden heiß und kalt'' means that someone shudders, and ''weder heiß noch kalt'' describes something unsatisfactorily half-hearted.^(Duden GWDS 1999) ''Heiß auf etwas sein'' is colloquial for being keen on it.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}