Bewegung German · revision 35954

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=12th century, Old High German gloss|origins=ine-pro *weǵʰ-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /bəˈveːɡʊŋ/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''Bewegung''' ''f'' (genitive Bewegung, plural Bewegungen)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|bewegunge]], [[inh|goh|biwegunga|t=motion]], formed [[af|de|bewegen|-ung]].^(DWB2|5, 97)^(Wiktionary)^(Köbler AHD) The verb [[bewegen]] mixes a strong and a weak prefixed verb, used side by side without a clear line from the start: the strong [[m|goh|biwegan|t=to set in motion, weigh up]] belongs to the simple [[m|goh|wegan|t=to weigh, move]], which survives with a narrowed sense in [[wägen]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2007) Kluge prefers to see the weak verb, which had “to change the position of” as its sense from the outset, as a prefixed form of the weak simple verb.^(Kluge 2011|118)

+

+ The strong simple verb corresponds to [[osx|wegan]], [[ang|wegan|t=to move, carry, weigh]], whence [[en|weigh]], [[non|vega|t=to swing, lift, weigh]] and [[got|𐌲𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌽|tr=gawigan|t=to move, shake]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2007) Outside Germanic it is related to [[sa|वहति|tr=váhati|t=drives, carries]], [[la|vehō|t=to carry, convey]], [[lt|vežti|t=to carry, drive]] and [[ru|везти|tr=vezti|t=to carry]], from the root [[ine-pro|*weǵʰ-|t=to move, carry, drive]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2007)^(Köbler AHD) [[Weg]], [[Wagen]], [[Woge]] and [[Wiege]] belong to the same root.^(Duden 7 2007)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The first record is a 12th-century gloss that renders Latin ''motio'' “motion” with ''biwegunga''.^(DWB2|5, 97)^(Köbler AHD) In Middle High German the mystics used ''bewegunge'' in the middle of the 13th century for a stirring of feeling, as in ''ungestüemiu bewegunge'' “violent emotion”, before God pours himself into the heart with greater peace.^(DWB2|5, 97)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Early New High German used the word for the motion of bodies, especially heavenly bodies and water, and also for a thought, a motive, an emotion, and resistance or the forming of a party.^(FWB) From that period it also meant “uproar”, as in Luther's ''nicht eine kleine Bewegung'' “no small stir” in Acts.^(Paul 2002)^(DWB|1, 1775) Kant defined the motion of a thing as the change of its outer relations to a given space, and Goethe wrote that Lavater's visit to Frankfurt ''hat grosze bewegung gemacht'' “caused a great stir”.^(DWB|1, 1775)

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+ In the 19th century the word took on the sense of a social group's common striving for political or social aims and became a key word of politics.^(WGd) From the 1920s the National Socialists claimed it, and in their usage ''die Bewegung'' meant National Socialism and the NSDAP.^(WGd) In the second half of the 20th century new social movements arose, grouped from the 1980s under the phrase ''neue soziale Bewegungen''.^(WGd) The ZDL word history begins its quotations with a sermon of Alexius Crosner printed in Wittenberg in 1531.^(WGd)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 12th century – Old High German ''biwegunga'' glosses Latin ''motio''.^(DWB2|5, 97)

+ * Mid-13th century – Middle High German mystics use ''bewegunge'' for an emotion.^(DWB2|5, 97)

+ * 1531 – The earliest quotation in the ZDL word history.^(WGd)

+ * 16th century – The sense “uproar, stir” is in use.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 19th century – The sense “political or social movement” develops.^(WGd)

+ * 1920s – ''die Bewegung'' becomes a National Socialist name for their party.^(WGd)

+ * 1980s – The phrase ''neue soziale Bewegungen'' comes into use.^(WGd)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|movement]] of the body or a part of it, a change of position or posture; a [[m|en|gesture]]: ''Mit einer raschen Bewegung griff sie nach dem Glas.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # [[m|en|motion]], the state of moving; physical exercise: ''Der Arzt rät ihm zu mehr Bewegung an der frischen Luft.'' Fixed phrases: ''in Bewegung setzen'', ''in Bewegung geraten''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Inner [[m|en|emotion]], being moved: ''Seine Stimme zitterte vor Bewegung.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # A political or intellectual movement, the common striving of a large group: ''die Arbeiterbewegung''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A group of people joined to achieve a common, often political, aim: ''Die Bewegung gewann rasch Anhänger.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ===Interjection===

+ # ''(colloquial)'' Get moving!, hurry up!^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[bewegungslos]]

+ * [[Gemütsbewegung]]

+ * [[Arbeiterbewegung]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[bewegen]]

+ * [[beweglich]]

+ * [[wägen]]

+ * [[Weg]]

+ * [[Wagen]]

+ * [[Wiege]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}