perduellis Latin · revision 35944

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 250–184 BC, Plautus|origins=la duellum}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [pɛr.duˈɛl.lɪs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [per.duˈɛl.lis]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''perduellis''' ''m'' (genitive perduellis); third declension^(Wiktionary)

+ An old genitive plural ''perduellum'' occurs in Accius.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|per-|duellum|t2=war]], the old form of [[m|la|bellum]].^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Wiktionary) The TLL suggests that the form with ⟨du⟩ survived because [[m|la|perduelliō]] had become a legal term, comparing [[m|la|rebellis]] beside [[m|la|rebellō]]; de Vaan reports Meiser's view that legal terminology preserved it.^(TLL)^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is found from Plautus on,^(de Vaan 2008)^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010) in elevated language:^(TLL) the ''Amphitruo'' tells how its hero defeated the enemy.^(TLL)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In early Latin it was the word for a foreign enemy at war with one's own people;^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Plautus also transfers it to a private enemy in the ''Pseudolus''.^(Georges 1913)^(Gaffiot 2016) Ennius and Accius use it, and Livy keeps it in formal language such as a solemn prayer of Scipio and a decree of the senate.^(TLL)^(Lewis & Short 1879) By Cicero's time it was archaic: Varro explains that ''hostis'', once “foreigner”, had come to mean what the ancients called ''perduellis'', and Cicero notes in the ''De officiis'' that the milder ''hostis'' had replaced it.^(TLL)^(Lewis & Short 1879) After Cicero it appears mainly where the meaning is explained or old language is imitated;^(TLL) later it was revived in a sense mixed with that of [[m|la|perduelliō]], “traitor, rebel”, twelve times in Ammianus Marcellinus.^(TLL)

+

+ Glossaries explain it as an enemy or warrior.^(TLL) In British medieval Latin it meant an enemy, a fighter, and as an adjective hostile or rebellious.^(DMLBS)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 250–184 BC – Plautus uses it of the national enemy.^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 204–169 BC – Ennius uses it.^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 170–c. 90 BC – Accius uses the genitive plural ''perduellum''.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 116–27 BC – Varro explains it as the old word for ''hostis''.^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero comments on its replacement by ''hostis''.^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 390 AD – Ammianus Marcellinus uses it twelve times in a sense close to “rebel”.^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A member of a nation at war with one's own, a public [[m|en|enemy]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # ''(figurative)'' A personal enemy.^(Georges 1913)

+ # ''(Late Latin)'' A [[m|en|traitor]], [[m|en|rebel]].^(TLL)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' A fighter; as an adjective, hostile, rebellious.^(DMLBS)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[perduelliō]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Cicero says that a pirate is not counted among the ''perduellēs'' but is the common enemy of all.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(TLL) The related [[m|la|perduelliō]] meant high treason.^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}