instead English · revision 3591

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=compound, calque|attested=before 1200 (i stude)}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * IPA: /ɪnˈsted/^(Roach et al. 2011)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is a compound, [[af|en|in|stead]], from the Middle English phrase [[m|enm|in stede|t=in place]] (early dialect [[m|enm|i stude]]),^(Barnhart 1988)^(Etymonline)^(AHD 2000) formed from [[in]] and [[stead]] in the sense “place assigned to one”.^(Etymonline)^(Barnhart 1988) Etymonline and Hoad describe the phrase as a loan-translation of Latin [[m|la|in locō]] or Old French [[m|fro|en lieu de]].^(Etymonline)^(Hoad 1986)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ ''In stead of'', “in place of”: ''i stude'', probably before 1200, in the ''Ancrene Riwle'';^(Barnhart 1988)^(OED 1989) ''in stede'' about 1300.^(Barnhart 1988)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The phrase was usually written separately until the mid-17th century.^(Etymonline)^(SOED 2002) The solid form ''instede'' first appears before 1387, in Trevisa's translation of Higden,^(Barnhart 1988) and the OED's first one-word example is from 1595;^(OED 1989) the spelling ''instead'' became established about 1650.^(Barnhart 1988) After that the phrase was written separately only with a possessive, as in the phrase ''in his stead''.^(Barnhart 1988) ''Instead'' without ''of'', “as a substitute”, is first found in Milton in 1667.^(Barnhart 1988)^(OED 1989)^(HTOED) ''Instead of'' used before a preposition or adjective (''instead of in the drawer'') is from 1834.^(OED 1989)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * before 1200 – ''i stude'' (''Ancrene Riwle'').^(Barnhart 1988)

+ * c. 1300 – ''in stede of''.^(Barnhart 1988)

+ * before 1387 – solid ''instede'' (Trevisa).^(Barnhart 1988)

+ * c. 1650 – the spelling ''instead'' established.^(Barnhart 1988)

+ * 1667 – ''instead'' without ''of'' (Milton).^(Barnhart 1988)^(OED 1989)

+

+ ==Modern meaning==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # In place of something already mentioned; as a [[substitute]].^(AHD)^(SOED 2002)

+ # As an alternative; in preference.^(AHD)

+

+ ===Preposition===

+ # ''(instead of)'' In place of; rather than.^(SOED 2002)^(OED 1989)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[instead of]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[stead]]

+ * [[steady]]

+ * [[homestead]]

+ * [[in lieu]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ In West Yorkshire dialect the word had forms such as ''esteead'', used with ''on'' for ''instead of''.^(Wright 1898)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}