exauctoro Latin · revision 35896

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Livy (59 BC–AD 17)|origins=la augeō}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [ɛk.sau̯kˈtoː.roː]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [eɡ.zau̯kˈtɔː.ro]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''exauctōrō''' (present infinitive exauctōrāre, perfect active exauctōrāvī, supine exauctōrātum); first conjugation^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|ex-|auctōrō|t1=out of|t2=to bind oneself by contract, hire oneself out]].^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Wiktionary) The TLL explains it as releasing someone from the engagement ([[m|la|auctōrāmentum]]), the oath or the office.^(TLL) The base [[m|la|auctōrō]] is formed from [[m|la|auctor]],^(OLD 2012)^(Wiktionary) a derivative of [[m|la|augeō|t=to increase]].^(de Vaan 2008)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ It is found from Livy on,^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010) who uses it for soldiers released from service: an army of volunteers that had served loyally under Gracchus left the standards after his death ''velut exauctōrātus'', “as if discharged”.^(TLL)^(Conte 2010) The TLL also lists a passage of Lucilius whose reading is doubtful.^(TLL)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The word was a military term for releasing soldiers from their oath.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Georges 1913) L&S explains that this release could come before the end of the full term of service, as an honourable discharge, or as a punishment.^(Lewis & Short 1879) Tacitus sets those who are to receive their full discharge after twenty years against those with sixteen years who are ''exauctōrātī'' but kept on under a standard.^(TLL)^(Lewis & Short 1879) In Suetonius and the jurists it means to dismiss a soldier in disgrace, to [[m|en|cashier]];^(TLL)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Ulpian glosses it as taking away the soldier's military insignia.^(TLL)^(Lewis & Short 1879) Livy also has the reflexive ''sē exauctōrāre'' of soldiers who free themselves from service at will.^(Georges 1913)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ Seneca uses the participle figuratively of a man set free from every constraint,^(Conte 2010) Macrobius calls words that later ages had discarded ''verba exauctōrāta'',^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Conte 2010) and Sidonius uses it for removing someone from an office.^(Conte 2010) In medieval Latin it meant to strip a person of rank or dignity, to [[m|en|degrade]], and, of things, to annul, invalidate or reject; the Annals of Fulda, under the year 861, use it of men deprived of their public honours by the king.^(MLW)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 59 BC–AD 17 – Livy uses it for discharging soldiers.^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 4 BC–AD 65 – Seneca uses ''exauctōrātus'' figuratively for one freed from constraints.^(Conte 2010)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 75–c. 150 AD – Suetonius uses it for dismissing soldiers in disgrace.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * before 223 AD – Ulpian explains it as taking away a soldier's insignia.^(TLL)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1st half of the 5th century AD – Macrobius calls obsolete words ''exauctōrāta''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 431–486 AD – Sidonius uses it for removal from an office.^(Conte 2010)^(Köbler 2010)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|discharge]] from military service, release from the oath.^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # To dismiss (a soldier) in disgrace, [[m|en|cashier]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # ''(reflexive, of soldiers)'' To leave the service of one's own accord.^(Georges 1913)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # ''(figurative)'' To discard;^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Conte 2010) ''verba exauctōrāta'', [[m|en|obsolete]] words.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Conte 2010)

+ # To remove from an office.^(Conte 2010)

+ # ''(Medieval Latin)'' To deprive of rank, [[m|en|degrade]]; of things, to annul or reject.^(MLW)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}