Partner German · revision 35877

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1814, Goethe|origins=la pars}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * [ˈpaʁtnɐ]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''Partner''' ''m'' (genitive Partners, plural Partner, feminine Partnerin)^(Wiktionary)

+ Older form with umlaut: '''Pärtner'''.^(DWB|13, 1480)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|en|partner]], borrowed at the beginning of the 19th century.^(Kluge 2011|686)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DFWB) The English word, in use since the 14th century, is a reshaping after [[m|en|part]] of [[enm|parcener|t=partaker, joint heir]], from [[fro|parçonier|t=partaker]].^(Kluge 2011|686)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2014|619) Pfeifer and Duden derive the French word from [[m|fro|parçon|t=division, share]], from [[la|partītiō|t=division]], while Kluge and Wahrig trace it to [[la-med|partiōnārius|t=one who has a share]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2014|619)^(Kluge 2011|686)^(Wahrig Herkunftswörterbuch) Both go back to [[m|la|partior|t=to divide, share]], from [[m|la|pars|t=part]].^(Kluge 2011|686)^(Pfeifer 1993) The DFWB and the Grimms' dictionary took the English word for a loan from Low German.^(DFWB)^(DWB|13, 1480) The same word is [[nl|partner]], [[fr|partenaire]] and [[sv|partner]], and it is related to [[Partei]].^(Kluge 2011|686)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The first records are in Goethe's ''Dichtung und Wahrheit'' (1814): Friederike ''war sehr erfreut, an mir einen sehr geübten partner zu finden'' “was very pleased to find in me a well-practised partner”, meaning a dancing partner, and elsewhere a partner assigned by lot in a party game.^(DFWB)^(DWB|13, 1480)^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The word became common only in the second half of the 19th century, much of it in light fiction, from Rodenberg in 1863 and Freytag in 1879 to Fontane's ''Stechlin'' of 1897.^(DFWB) It was used of partners at games, at dancing and in conversation, of a second in a duel, and in commercial language, and in sport from 1889.^(DFWB)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DWB|13, 1480) A form with umlaut, ''Pärtner'', occurs in Rückert.^(DWB|13, 1480)

+

+ In the 20th century the sense “companion, comrade” grew, and compounds multiplied: ''Lebenspartner'' is recorded in 1929, ''Ausgehpartner'' and ''Reisepartnerin'' in 1930, and later ''Tarifpartner'', ''Sozialpartner'' and ''Regierungspartner''.^(Paul 2002)^(DFWB) The derivative [[Partnerschaft]], first in Goethe after English ''partnership'', now refers above all to a couple's relationship.^(Paul 2002) Hungarian borrowed the word as [[hu|partner]], recorded in 1854.^(LWP)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 14th century – English ''partner'' is in use.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 1814 – Goethe uses ''Partner'' for a dancing partner in ''Dichtung und Wahrheit''.^(DFWB)^(Paul 2002)

+ * 1854 – Hungarian ''partner'' is recorded.^(LWP)

+ * 1863 – The word appears in Rodenberg's fiction, the start of its wider use.^(DFWB)

+ * 1889 – First record in sport.^(DFWB)

+ * 1929 – First record of ''Lebenspartner''.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 1930 – First records of ''Ausgehpartner'' and ''Reisepartnerin''.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A person who does something together with others, a [[m|en|partner]] in an activity: ''Sie sucht noch einen Partner für das Tennisdoppel.'' Also of states and organisations: ''Bündnispartner''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A person who lives with another in a close relationship: ''Sie lebt seit zehn Jahren mit ihrem Partner zusammen.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # A fellow actor on stage or in a film.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(sport)'' An [[m|en|opponent]].^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # A co-owner of a business, an [[m|en|associate]]: ''Er wurde Partner in einer Anwaltskanzlei.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Duden Fremdwörterbuch 2007)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Partnerin]]

+ * [[Partnerschaft]]

+ * [[Lebenspartner]]

+ * [[Sozialpartner]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[Partei]]

+ * [[en|partner]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}