aus German · revision 35875

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=late 8th century, Old High German Isidor and glosses|origins=ine-pro *úd}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /aʊ̯s/, /aɔ̯s/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''aus'''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|ūz]], [[inh|goh|ūz]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*ūt]], [[inh|gem-pro|*ūt|t=out]].^(Kluge 2011|74)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kroonen 2013)^(Wiktionary) The same word is [[got|𐌿𐍄|tr=ut]], [[non|út]], [[ang|ūt]], [[ofs|ūt]] and [[osx|ūt]], and today [[nl|uit]], [[en|out]] and [[sv|ut]].^(Kluge 2011|74)^(Kroonen 2013) It continues [[ine-pro|*úd|t=up, out]], whose vowel was lengthened in Germanic because the word was a monosyllable.^(Kroonen 2013)^(Wiktionary) Outside Germanic the same adverb is found in [[sa|उद्|tr=úd|t=up, out]], in the Lithuanian prefix [[m|lt|už-|t=up, onto]] and in the comparatives [[m|sa|उत्तर|tr=úttara|t=upper, higher]] and [[grc|ὕστερος|tr=hústeros|t=later, latter]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|117)^(DWB2|3, 915)

+

+ In Gothic, Old Norse and Old English the word was only an adverb; it became a preposition only in German and Dutch, from Old High German on.^(Kluge 2011|74)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DWB|1, 817) The older Germanic preposition for “out of” was [[gem-pro|*uz]], seen in [[m|got|𐌿𐍃|tr=us]] and in the German prefixes [[er-]] and [[ur-]]; the adverb was first added to it for clarity, as in [[m|got|𐌿𐍄 𐌿𐍃|tr=ut us|t=out of]], and then took over its role.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DWB2|3, 915)^(DWB|1, 817)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''ūz'' is recorded from the end of the 8th century, in the Isidor translation and in glosses, and then in Otfrid, Tatian and Notker; it meant “out, outside, out of” and could also be used as a conjunction meaning “but”.^(Köbler AHD) As a preposition it was still rare in Old High German.^(DWB|1, 817)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In New High German the free adverb has largely given way to [[heraus]] and [[hinaus]], so that where Middle High German said simply ''ūz'' modern German says ''hinaus!'';^(Paul 2002)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|117) ''aus'' lives on mainly as the first part of separable verbs such as [[ausgehen]] and [[aussteigen]].^(Paul 2002)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|117) A few of these, such as [[ausbleiben]], continue the Middle High German adverb of rest ''ūze'' “outside”.^(Paul 2002) The adverbial sense “over, finished” (''die Schule ist aus'') and “switched off” belongs to colloquial speech.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ The neuter noun [[Aus]], the area outside the field of play, was introduced in sports language at the beginning of the 20th century as a loan translation of [[m|en|out]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|117) From the boxing count it also came to mean a player's or team's elimination, and figuratively the end of something.^(DWB2|3, 931)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Late 8th century – Old High German ''ūz'' appears in the Isidor translation and in glosses.^(Köbler AHD)^(Kluge 2011|74)

+ * 1060–1065 – Middle High German ''ūz'' is used as a preposition in Williram's commentary on the Song of Songs.^(Köbler MHD)

+ * 1919 – First record in DWB2 of the noun ''Aus'', in Franz Werfel's ''Gerichtstag''.^(DWB2|3, 931)

+ * 1936 – A radio boxing report calls out ''aus – aus – aus'' at the end of a fight.^(DWB2|3, 931)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Preposition===

+ # ''(with dative)'' [[m|en|out of]], from the inside of something: ''aus dem Zimmer laufen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(with dative)'' From a place or time of origin: ''Sie stammt aus Leipzig''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(with dative)'' Out of a state, so that it changes: ''aus dem Schlaf hochschrecken''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(with dative)'' Giving a reason or [[m|en|motive]]: ''aus Neugier fragen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(with dative)'' Giving the [[m|en|material]] something is made of, or an earlier stage: ''ein Tisch aus Eiche''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(Austria)'' In a school subject: ''eine gute Note aus Physik''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ===Adverb===

+ # ''(colloquial)'' Over, [[m|en|finished]]: ''Das Spiel ist aus.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(of a device)'' Switched [[m|en|off]].^(Wiktionary)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # ''(Austria, informal)'' Sold out, gone.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Aus]]

+ * [[außen]]

+ * [[außer]]

+ * [[heraus]]

+ * [[hinaus]]

+ * [[draußen]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[er-]]

+ * [[ur-]]

+ * [[en|out]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Aus und ein gehen'' “to go in and out, to be a frequent visitor” is one of the few uses of the independent adverb that remain current.^(Duden 7 2020|117)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}