mit German · revision 35865

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=last quarter of the 8th century, Old High German glosses|origins=gem-pro *midi}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /mɪt/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''mit'''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|mit]], [[inh|goh|mit]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*midi]], [[inh|gem-pro|*midi|t=with]].^(Kluge 2011|627)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary) The same word is [[got|𐌼𐌹𐌸|tr=miþ]], [[non|með]], [[ang|mid]], [[ofs|mith]], [[osx|mid]] and [[nl|met]].^(Kluge 2011|627)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kroonen 2013) Kroonen writes the Germanic form as [[m|gem-pro|*medi]] and explains it as an old locative case of an Indo-European root noun.^(Kroonen 2013)

+

+ Outside Germanic the closest match is [[grc|μετά|tr=metá|t=among, between, with]],^(Kluge 2011|627)^(Orel 2003)^(Duden 7 2020|558) but Kluge points out that the Germanic word could also go back to a form with /dʰ/.^(Kluge 2011|627) Pfeifer starts from [[ine-pro|*meta]], [[m|ine-pro|*meti]] or [[m|ine-pro|*medʰi|t=in the middle of]], and with a question mark he also compares [[sa|स्मत्|tr=smát|t=together, at the same time]].^(Pfeifer 1993) Kluge thinks it likely that at least the first part of the word is related to [[Mitte]].^(Kluge 2011|627)

+

+ Old High German used the short form mostly as a preposition and [[m|goh|miti]] mostly as an adverb.^(EWA|6, 509)^(AWB|6, 700) The final vowel of the longer form is the regular one, while the short form either copied adverbs with a long root syllable or lost its unstressed final vowel.^(EWA|6, 509)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''mit'' and ''miti'' are recorded from the last quarter of the 8th century, in glosses and in the literary texts, as preposition and adverb; they meant “with, together with, among, by means of” and rendered Latin prepositions such as ''cum'', ''apud'' and ''per''.^(EWA|6, 509)^(Köbler AHD) Schützeichel finds it in nearly every Old High German text, from Isidor and Tatian to Otfrid and Notker, also in phrases such as ''mit rehte'' “rightly”.^(Schützeichel 2012|226)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Paul takes its oldest use to be with verbs of motion, naming someone or something that takes part in the movement; from there it spread to every verb of action, but not to verbs of resting in a place, where German uses [[bei]].^(Paul 2002) The Grimms note that Gothic used it only for joining and being together, and that the sense of the means or instrument developed later.^(DWB|12, 2323) In Middle High German it already expressed company, mutual relations, attendant circumstances and the instrument.^(Lexer 1872|1, 2178)

+

+ Middle High German kept the adverb ''mite'' apart from the preposition ''mit'', and an adverb ''mitte'' still turns up in East Central German writers of the 16th and 17th centuries, such as Mathesius, Jakob Böhme and Paul Fleming.^(DWB|12, 2323) The prefix forms many words: ''Mitarbeiter'' (16th century, Luther) translates Greek ''synergós'', ''Mitlauter'' (16th century), later ''Mitlaut'' (18th century), translates ''Konsonant'', and ''mitunter'' was formed in the 17th century.^(Pfeifer 1993) ''Mitesser'' “blackhead” (17th century) reflects the old belief that these were worms in the skin that ate a person's food.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|558)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Last quarter of the 8th century – Old High German ''mit'' and ''miti'' appear in glosses.^(EWA|6, 509)^(Köbler AHD)

+ * 9th century – The two-syllable adverb ''miti'' is recorded.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 1060–1065 – Middle High German ''mit'' in Williram's commentary on the Song of Songs.^(Köbler MHD)

+ * 16th century – Luther uses ''Mitarbeiter'', a translation of Greek ''synergós''.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 16th–17th century – The separate adverb ''mitte'' survives in East Central German.^(DWB|12, 2323)

+ * 17th century – ''Mitesser'' “blackhead” and ''mitunter'' are first recorded.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 18th century – ''Mitlaut'' replaces the older ''Mitlauter'' for “consonant”.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Preposition===

+ # With the [[m|en|dative]]: with, together with, in the [[m|en|company]] of: ''Sie fährt mit ihrer Schwester nach Hamburg.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # With, against, naming the other party in a mutual action: ''Er hat sich mit seinem Nachbarn versöhnt.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # With, having, naming a part, feature or [[m|en|accessory]]: ''eine Wohnung mit Balkon''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Including: ''Die Fahrt kostet dreißig Euro mit Gepäck.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Of, containing: ''eine Kiste mit Äpfeln''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # With, naming the manner or the circumstances: ''Er arbeitete mit großer Sorgfalt.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # With, by, naming the [[m|en|instrument]], means or material: ''Sie schreibt mit einem Bleistift'', ''mit dem Fahrrad zur Arbeit fahren''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # At, naming a time or an age: ''Mit achtzehn Jahren zog er aus.''^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(informal)'' Regarding, with: ''Wie steht es mit deinem Referat?''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(regional)'' Up to and including: ''Montag mit Freitag''; in Switzerland ''bis und mit''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ===Adverb===

+ # Too, also, as well: ''Er war bei dem Ausflug mit dabei.''^(Wiktionary)^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # Among, one of: ''Das war mit der schönste Abend des Sommers.''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[mit-]]

+ * [[mitsamt]]

+ * [[miteinander]]

+ * [[mithin]]

+ * [[mitnichten]]

+ * [[mitunter]]

+ * [[damit]]

+ * [[hiermit]]

+ * [[womit]]

+ * [[Mitarbeiter]]

+ * [[Mitesser]]

+ * [[Mitlaut]]

+ * [[Mitgift]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[Mitte]]

+ * [[en|mid]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Words for music performance taken into English include ''mit Empfindung'' “with feeling” and ''mit Wärme'' “with warmth”.^(LWP) The Swiss ''bis und mit'' and the regional ''Montag mit Freitag'' mean “up to and including”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}