doch German · revision 35864

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=late 8th century, Old High German Isidor|origins=gem-pro *þauh}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /dɔx/, /dɔ/, /do/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''doch'''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|doch]], [[inh|goh|doh]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*þauh]], [[inh|gem-pro|*þauh|t=nevertheless, though]].^(Kluge 2011|208)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary) The same word is [[got|𐌸𐌰𐌿𐌷|tr=þauh]], [[non|þó]], [[ang|þēah]], [[ofs|thach]] and [[osx|thoh]], and [[en|though]] continues it through Middle English, which took its form from Old Norse.^(Kluge 2011|208)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(EWA|2, 710)

+

+ The Germanic word is made of an adverb [[m|gem-pro|*þau]], attested in [[got|𐌸𐌰𐌿|tr=þau|t=or, then]], and the enclitic particle [[m|got|-𐌿𐌷|tr=-uh|t=and]], which matches [[la|-que|t=and]] and [[grc|τε|tr=te|t=and]].^(Kluge 2011|208)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2014|227) Kluge and Pfeifer compare the first part with a Sanskrit particle meaning “but, now”, which may have grown out of the pronoun of the second person singular;^(Kluge 2011|208)^(Pfeifer 1993) Kluge adds that if this origin of the Sanskrit word is right, the connection with “doch” must be given up because of the vowel grade it requires.^(Kluge 2011|208) Others connect it with the demonstrative stem [[ine-pro|*to-]], as the revised Grimm dictionary does.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DWB2|6, 1188)

+

+ The short /ɔ/ of the modern word arose because it was usually unstressed.^(Kluge 2011|208)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The revised Grimm dictionary gives as its first quotation the Old High German Isidor of the late 8th century, where ''dhoh'' introduces a clause meaning “although”.^(DWB2|6, 1188) Paul cites the Benediktinerregel of 790–802 for this sense, and the Tatian of about 830 for the sense “but, yet”.^(Paul 2002) Köbler records the word in glosses from 765 on.^(Köbler AHD)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The concessive conjunction “although” lasted only in Old and Middle High German and gave way in the 13th century to ''swie'', while the adversative “but, yet” has continued to the present day.^(DWB2|6, 1188)^(Paul 2002) The adverb “nevertheless, in spite of everything” is recorded from the Old High German Hildebrandslied on.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ Pfeifer stresses that the very common unstressed use of modern German, as a [[m|en|modal particle]], has moved far from the original sense: it adds emphasis to requests, shows surprise or indignation, introduces wishes, and answers a question put in the negative.^(Pfeifer 1993) Luther's ''Denn Recht mus doch recht bleiben'' (Psalm 94:15, “for right must still remain right”) shows the stressed adverb.^(Paul 2002) The word was taken into Kashubian and Slovincian.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 765 – Old High German ''doh'' in glosses.^(Köbler AHD)

+ * Late 8th century – ''dhoh'' “although” in the Old High German Isidor.^(DWB2|6, 1188)

+ * c. 830 – ''thoh'' “but, yet” in the Old High German Tatian.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 13th century – The concessive use “although” is replaced by ''swie''.^(DWB2|6, 1188)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Conjunction===

+ # But, yet, however: ''Wir warteten lange, doch der Bus kam nicht.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ===Adverb===

+ # ''(stressed)'' [[m|en|nevertheless]], all the same: ''Sie war müde und ging doch noch ins Kino.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # With the verb first: adds a reason: ''Er sagte nichts, wusste er doch, dass es zwecklos war.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ # ''(stressed)'' Yes, on the contrary, contradicting a negative statement or question: ''„Du hast keinen Hunger?“ – „Doch!“''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(strongly stressed)'' After all, confirming what was thought unlikely: ''Es hat also doch geklappt.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ===Particle===

+ # ''(unstressed)'' Adds [[m|en|emphasis]] to a statement, request or wish: ''Setz dich doch!'', ''Wenn er doch endlich anriefe!''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(unstressed)'' Expresses indignation or surprise in exclamations: ''Das ist doch nicht zu fassen!''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ # ''(unstressed)'' In questions, expects agreement: ''Du kommst doch morgen?''^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(unstressed)'' In questions, asks for something known but forgotten: ''Wo wohnte er doch gleich?''^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[jedoch]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[en|though]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}