beide German · revision 35862

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=8th century, Old High German glosses|origins=gem-pro *bai}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈbaɪ̯də/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''beide'''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|beide]], [[inh|goh|beide]], from a group of [[gem-pro|*bai|t=both]] and the demonstrative pronoun that became the definite article.^(Kluge 2011|104)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|137) Old High German [[m|goh|bēde]] arose from a group meaning “both the”, and the neuter [[m|goh|beidiu]] likewise; the forms later mixed.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|137) The simple word survives in [[got|𐌱𐌰𐌹|tr=bai]], in [[ang|bā]] and in the genitive [[non|beggja]].^(Kluge 2011|104)^(Kroonen 2013)^(EWA|1, 513) Gothic already shows the word followed by the pronoun, as in “both (the) ships” (Luke 5:7), and has an extended form [[m|got|𐌱𐌰𐌾𐍉𐌸𐍃|tr=bajōþs]].^(Kluge 2011|104)^(EWA|1, 513)^(DWB|1, 1361)

+

+ The same compound form is [[non|báðir]], [[osx|bēthia]], [[ofs|bēthe]] and [[nl|beide]]; [[en|both]] was borrowed from Old Norse.^(Kluge 2011|104)^(Pfeifer 1993) The /ē/ of Old High German “bēde” comes from the numeral [[m|goh|zwēne|t=two]], and dialect forms such as [[bar|bēd]] and [[m|bar|bōd]] go back to the same model.^(Kluge 2011|104)^(EWA|1, 513)

+

+ Outside Germanic the word rests on a stem [[ine-pro|*bʰ-]] with partly dual endings, but the syllables before it differ in ways that cannot be reconciled: [[grc|ἄμφω|tr=ámphō]] and [[la|ambō]] point to [[m|ine-pro|*ambʰō]], [[lt|abù]] and [[cu|оба|tr=oba]] to another vowel, and [[sa|उभ|tr=ubhá]] is hard to explain.^(Kluge 2011|104)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary) Kluge suggests that the word was at first enclitic and that its first syllable adapted to the ending of the word before it.^(Kluge 2011|104)^(DWB2|4, 739)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''beide'', ''bēde'' is recorded in the 8th century, in glosses from 765 on, then in the Hildebrandslied, the Tatian, Otfrid and Notker.^(Kluge 2011|104)^(Köbler AHD)^(Schützeichel 2012|45) Besides “both” it already served in ''beide … joh'' and ''beide … endi'' “both … and”.^(Schützeichel 2012|45) Otfrid has only the form with ''-ē-'', the Tatian only ''-ei-''.^(EWA|1, 513)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Like ''alle'', the word was at first a predicative attribute, as in ''die Brüder sind beide Bäcker'', and only later took the article before it (''die beiden Gegner''), so that it came to be used like an ordinary adjective;^(Paul 2002) Lessing still wrote ''beide diese Wesen''.^(Paul 2002) Middle High German still told the genders apart (''bēde'', ''bēde'', ''bēdiu''), and New High German ended with one form ''beide'' for all of them.^(DWB|1, 1361)

+

+ A neuter singular is found as early as Old Saxon, is rare in Middle High German (''beideʒ'') and became common only in Early New High German as ''beides'', “both things”.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|137) In the 16th and 17th centuries singulars such as ''beides Ufer'' and ''beide Hand'' were also used, and ''beiderseits'' remains from that use.^(Paul 2002) The variant ''beede'' lasted in writing into the 18th century and in the dialects to the present day.^(DWB2|4, 739)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 765 – Old High German ''beide'' in glosses.^(Köbler AHD)

+ * c. 830 – The Tatian uses forms with ''-ei-'', while Otfrid has only forms with ''-ē-''.^(EWA|1, 513)

+ * Middle High German – ''ze beider sīt'' “on both sides”, later shortened to ''beiderseits''.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 16th century – The neuter singular ''beides'' becomes common.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * First half of the 17th century – ''beiderseitig'' “mutual” is formed.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * Second half of the 17th century – The shortened ''beidseitig'' appears.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 18th century – The written variant ''beede'' goes out of use.^(DWB2|4, 739)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Determiner and pronoun===

+ # The two together, both, stressing what two known persons or things have in common: ''Die beiden Schwestern wohnen in Köln.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Both, the one as well as the other: ''Sie hielt das Glas mit beiden Händen fest.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''beides'' (neuter singular): both things: ''Er spricht Englisch und Französisch, und beides fließend.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[beides]]

+ * [[beiderlei]]

+ * [[beiderseits]]

+ * [[beiderseitig]]

+ * [[beidseitig]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[um]]

+ * [[en|both]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}