enden German · revision 35838

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=8th century, Old High German glosses|origins=ine-pro *h₂ent-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈɛndən/, [ˈʔɛndn̩]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''enden''' (third-person singular present endet, past tense endete, past participle geendet, auxiliary haben)^(Wiktionary)

+ Middle High German often formed the past tense without umlaut, ''ante'' beside ''endete''.^(Lexer 1872|1, 552)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|enden]], [[inh|goh|entōn]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*andijōn]], a verb formed from the noun [[Ende]].^(Kluge 2011|245)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary) The same verb is [[osx|endion]], [[ang|endian]] and [[non|enda]].^(DWB2|8, 1298)

+

+ The noun is [[m|gmh|ende]], [[m|goh|enti]], from [[gem-pro|*andijaz|t=end]], also found in [[got|𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌴𐌹𐍃|tr=andeis]], [[non|endir]], [[ang|ende]] and [[ofs|enda]].^(Kluge 2011|245)^(Pfeifer 1993) Kluge describes it as a formation like [[sa|अन्त्य|tr=ántya|t=at the end, last]], from the root [[ine-pro|*h₂ent-]], whose meanings are “front, forehead, end”: [[hit|ḫanza|t=in front]], [[sa|अन्त|tr=ánta|t=end, border, edge]], [[grc|ἀντί|tr=antí|t=opposite]].^(Kluge 2011|245) He thinks “forehead” is the starting point, as in [[la|antiae|t=forelock]] and [[sga|étan|t=forehead]].^(Kluge 2011|245) Pfeifer gives the base as “lying opposite, in front”, as in [[grc|ἀντίος|tr=antíos|t=opposite]], from the adverb seen in [[la|ante|t=before]], originally a locative of a noun for the front of the head.^(Pfeifer 1993) The prefixes [[ent-]] and ant- of [[Antwort]] belong to the same family.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The Grimms' revised dictionary finds the verb in an 8th-century gloss, ''kienteod'' for Latin ''terminatum'' “bounded”, and in the Old High German Isidor, where ''chiendot'' renders ''consummetur'' “be brought to an end”.^(DWB2|8, 1298) In the Old High German texts, from Isidor and Tatian to Otfrid and Notker, ''entōn'' means both “to come to an end, die, pass away” and “to finish, complete, put an end to”.^(Schützeichel 2012|89)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Middle High German ''enden'' was still used both ways: transitively “to finish, accomplish”, and intransitively and reflexively “to end, to die”, as in the Nibelungenlied's ''sô endete sich diu hôchzît'' “so the feast came to an end”.^(Lexer 1872|1, 552) Early New High German used it of things bounded in space (a road or a country that stops at a border), of periods and contracts that run out, and of texts that close.^(FWB) Sebastian Brant wrote in 1494 of the two Pillars of Hercules, one of which “ends Africa”.^(DWB2|8, 1298)

+

+ Today the verb is mainly intransitive, and the transitive use “to bring to an end” has become formal; for it German normally uses [[beenden]].^(Duden GWDS 1999) Of people it means “to end one's life”, often in a bad way, while of animals the derivative [[verenden]] is used.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Duden 7 2007) In grammar a word ''endet auf'' a sound or ending.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 8th century – Old High German ''entōn'' appears in glosses.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DWB2|8, 1298)

+ * Late 8th century – The Old High German Isidor uses the verb for “to bring to an end”.^(DWB2|8, 1298)

+ * c. 1200 – The Nibelungenlied uses ''enden'' reflexively for a feast coming to an end.^(Lexer 1872|1, 552)

+ * 1494 – Sebastian Brant's Narrenschiff uses the verb for a boundary in space.^(DWB2|8, 1298)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To stop at a certain point in space; to [[m|en|end]]: ''Der Pfad endet an einem Bach.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To stop in time; to come to an end, [[m|en|finish]], turn out: ''Die Feier endete erst nach Mitternacht.'' ''Nicht enden wollender Beifall'' is applause that goes on and on.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # To close a speech or the like: ''Sie endete mit einem Dank an die Helfer.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # To end one's life, to [[m|en|die]], usually in a particular way: ''im Elend enden''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # ''(linguistics)'' To have a certain final sound or [[Endung|alt=ending]]: ''Das Wort endet auf -heit.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # ''(formal)'' To bring something to an end.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[beenden]]

+ * [[verenden]]

+ * [[vollenden]]

+ * [[Endung]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[Ende]]

+ * [[endlich]]

+ * [[Antwort]]

+ * [[Antlitz]]

+ * [[en|end]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}