brumalis Latin · revision 35802

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=Cicero (81–43 BC)|origins=ine-pro *mrǵh-ú-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * Classical: [bruːˈmaː.lɪs]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Ecclesiastical: [bruˈmaː.lis]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''brūmālis''' (neuter brūmāle); third-declension two-termination adjective^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|la|brūma|-ālis|t1=winter solstice]].^(OLD 2012)^(TLL)^(Wiktionary) Vitruvius already explained the name [[m|la|brūma]], and that of the winter days, by the shortness of the day.^(TLL) De Vaan takes the noun to be the old superlative of [[m|la|brevis|t=short]], from a form [[ine-pro|*mreǵh-is-mHo-]] that developed through ⟨*brousma⟩ to ⟨brūma⟩; the adjective goes back to [[m|ine-pro|*mrǵh-ú-|t=short]].^(de Vaan 2008)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Cicero uses it in his translation of Aratus for the circle of the [[m|en|winter solstice]], the Tropic of Capricorn,^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010) and elsewhere of the shortest day, ''diēs brūmālis''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The first sense was astronomical, “of the winter solstice”: Varro speaks of the ''polus brūmālis'', Lucretius of the ''brūmālis flexus'', the winter turning point, and Cicero calls Capricorn the ''signum brūmāle''.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(OLD 2012) From the solstice the word passed to the winter in general, “wintry”, as in Hirtius' ''brūmālēs diēs'' and difficult winter marches,^(OLD 2012) and to things found in winter, as when the elder Seneca speaks of houses that are warm in winter.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ In Ecclesiastical Latin it means “wintry, of winter”,^(Stelten 1995) and Köbler finds it in Aldhelm's poems around 705.^(Köbler 2010) English borrowed it as ''brumal'' in the 1510s.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 81–43 BC – Cicero uses it for the circle of the winter solstice.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 96–55 BC – Lucretius speaks of the winter turning point.^(Lewis & Short 1879)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 50 BC – Hirtius uses it of winter days and marches.^(OLD 2012)^(Köbler 2010)

+ * c. 705 – It appears in Aldhelm's poems.^(Köbler 2010)

+ * 1510s – English borrows it as ''brumal'', “belonging to winter”.^(Etymonline)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Of the [[m|en|winter solstice]];^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879) ''circulus brūmālis'', the [[m|en|Tropic of Capricorn]].^(OLD 2012)^(Lewis & Short 1879)

+ # Of winter, [[m|en|wintry]].^(OLD 2012)^(Stelten 1995)

+ # Happening or found during the winter.^(OLD 2012)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[brevis]]

+ * [[en|brumal]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}