fördern German · revision 35749

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=first quarter of the 9th century, Old High German glosses}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈfœrdərn/, [ˈfœʁ.dɐn], [ˈfœɐ̯.dɐn]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''fördern''' (third-person singular present fördert, past tense förderte, past participle gefördert, auxiliary haben)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|vürdern]], [[inh|goh|furdiren]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*furþrijan]], a verb derived from the comparative adverb [[fürder]] “further, onward”, so that it meant “to bring forward”.^(Kluge 2011|310)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|281) The same formation is [[gml|vȫrderen]], [[dum|vorderen]] and [[ang|fyrþran]].^(Kluge 2011|310)^(Pfeifer 1993) The adverb is [[m|goh|furdir]], [[m|gmh|vürder]], related to [[en|further]] and a comparative of [[fort]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|281)

+

+ The modern ⟨ö⟩ goes back to a variant “förder”, probably through mixing with the related [[vorder]], the base of [[fordern]], and perhaps supported by Middle Low German forms.^(Wiktionary) The use of “fördern” and “fordern” overlapped;^(DWB2|9, 750) Middle High German and Early New High German also had [[m|gmh|vudern]] and “vüdern” with loss of the “-r-”, and “fürdern” lasted into the 18th century.^(DWB2|9, 750)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''furdiren'' is found only in glosses, from the first quarter of the 9th century, meaning “to advance someone, raise, appoint, ordain as a priest”.^(Schützeichel 2012|118)^(Köbler AHD) The revised Grimm dictionary quotes the 9th-century gloss ''proueatur furdrit'' “let him be promoted”.^(DWB2|9, 750)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Middle High German it meant “to move forward, hasten, help”, and it was also used of place, “to carry somewhere”.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002) From the 16th century miners used it for bringing ore and coal up out of the ground.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|281) Older senses such as “to hasten” (''sich fördern'' “to hurry”, Schiller) and the intransitive “to make progress” (''meine Arbeit hat gut gefördert'', Goethe) are now out of use, and ''befördern'' has taken over “to send, transport”.^(Paul 2002) The general sense “to support someone, to help something on” is the main one today.^(Paul 2002)^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ The miners' sense passed into neighbouring languages: [[pl|fołdrować]] “to mine salt, ore or coal” is recorded from 1450, and [[cs|fedrovat]] is used colloquially.^(LWP)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * First quarter of the 9th century – Old High German ''furdiren'' in glosses.^(Köbler AHD)

+ * c. 1170 – Middle High German ''vürdern'' in the ''Rolandslied''.^(Köbler MHD)

+ * 1450 – Polish ''fołdrować'' “to mine” is borrowed from the mining sense.^(LWP)

+ * 16th century – Miners use it for bringing ore to the surface, and ''befördern'' is formed.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|281)

+ * 18th century – ''befördern'' takes on the sense “to promote in rank”, and ''fürdern'' goes out of use.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DWB2|9, 750)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|support]], [[m|en|promote]], help someone or something to develop: ''Die Stadt fördert junge Musiker.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To [[m|en|fund]], give financial help to a project.^(Wiktionary)^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # To strengthen, encourage a tendency or process: ''Bewegung fördert die Verdauung.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # ''(mining)'' To extract, bring up from the ground: ''In dieser Grube wurde früher Kohle gefördert.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(technology)'' To convey, move to a place: ''Eine Pumpe fördert das Wasser in den Tank.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Förderung]]

+ * [[förderlich]]

+ * [[Förderer]]

+ * [[befördern]]

+ * [[Beförderung]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[fordern]]

+ * [[fürder]]

+ * [[fürderhin]]

+ * [[vorder]]

+ * [[fort]]

+ * [[en|further]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}