haben German · revision 35748

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=8th century, Old High German glosses|origins=ine-pro *kap-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈhaːbən/, [ˈhaː.bən], [-bn̩]^(Wiktionary)

+ * Southern, also: [-b̥m̩]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''haben''' (irregular, third-person singular present hat, past tense hatte, past participle gehabt, past subjunctive hätte, auxiliary haben)^(Wiktionary)

+ Paul notes that many forms once existed both in a regular and in a contracted shape; of the contracted ones ''hast'', ''hat'' and the past ''hatte'' became general.^(Paul 2002)

+ Middle High German also had ''ich hān'', ''wir hān'' and the infinitive ''hān'', which live on in the Upper German dialects.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|haben]], [[inh|goh|habēn]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*habbjan]], [[inh|gem-pro|*habjaną|t=to have, hold]].^(Kluge 2011|382)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary) The same verb is [[got|𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌽|tr=haban]], [[non|hafa]], [[ang|habban]], [[ofs|habba]] and [[osx|hebbian]], with the modern [[nl|hebben]], [[en|have]] and [[sv|hava]].^(Kluge 2011|382)^(Pfeifer 1993) Kluge describes it as a durative verb formed beside the one that became [[heben]] “to lift”.^(Kluge 2011|382)^(Wahrig Herkunftswörterbuch)

+

+ It goes back to the root [[ine-pro|*kap-|t=to grasp, seize]], also found in [[la|capiō|t=to seize, take]]: what one has seized, one holds and owns.^(Kluge 2011|382)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary) The meaning thus shifted from “seize, grasp” to “hold, have”.^(Duden 7 2020|346)^(Wahrig Herkunftswörterbuch)

+

+ The Latin verb [[m|la|habeō|t=to have, hold]] looks like a close match, but Kluge, Pfeifer and Duden all keep it apart: it belongs with [[geben]] to the root [[ine-pro|*gʰabʰ-|t=to take]].^(Kluge 2011|382)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|346) Kluge sees the roots as parallel formations, perhaps both imitating a snapping movement, while Pfeifer allows only for an influence of one on the other.^(Kluge 2011|382)^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''habēn'' is recorded from the glosses (765) on and in nearly every Old High German text, from the Benedictine Rule, Isidor and Tatian to Otfrid and Notker.^(Köbler AHD)^(Schützeichel 2012|136) Its senses were wide: to have and possess, but also to hold, keep, guard, seize and regard as; it already served as an auxiliary verb.^(Schützeichel 2012|136)^(Köbler AHD)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Paul takes “hold” as the oldest sense; it survives in the reflexive ''sich haben'' “to behave, make a fuss” and in the noun [[Handhabe]] “handle”.^(Paul 2002) He also places here ''etwas haben für'' “to regard as” and Gretchen's question in Goethe's ''Faust'', ''wie hast du's mit der Religion?'' (“how do you stand with religion?”).^(Paul 2002) The Early New High German verb has an unusually wide range of senses, with many fixed phrases that may be modelled on Latin ones.^(FWB)

+

+ In bookkeeping, ''soll'' (debit) was set against ''soll haben'' (credit) in the 18th century; the second ''soll'' was then dropped, and ''Soll und Haben'' came to be felt as a pair of nouns, used also outside commerce and in the title of Gustav Freytag's novel.^(DWB|10, 77)^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 765 – Old High German ''habēn'' appears in glosses.^(Köbler AHD)

+ * 1060–1065 – Middle High German ''haben'' in Williram's commentary on the Song of Songs.^(Köbler MHD)

+ * 1725 – Heyne's instruction on Italian bookkeeping heads accounts with ''soll'' and ''soll haben''.^(DWB|10, 77)

+ * 1794 – Jacobsson's technological dictionary knows only the formula ''Soll und Haben''.^(DWB|10, 77)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|own]], [[m|en|possess]]: ''Sie hat einen Garten hinter dem Haus.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To have at one's disposal: ''Hast du heute Zeit?''^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # To have as a quality or feature: ''Der Hund hat braune Augen.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To feel or suffer from: ''Durst haben'', ''Fieber haben''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(auxiliary)'' Forms the [[m|en|perfect]] and pluperfect with a past participle: ''Wir haben gegessen.''^(Wiktionary)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # With ''zu'' and an infinitive: to have to, must: ''Du hast zu warten.''^(Wiktionary)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # ''(colloquial, reflexive)'' To make a fuss: ''Hab dich nicht so!''^(Wiktionary)^(Paul 2002)

+ # ''(regional, impersonal)'' ''es hat'': there is, there are.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Habe]]

+ * [[Haben]]

+ * [[habhaft]]

+ * [[Habseligkeit]]

+ * [[Habgier]]

+ * [[Habsucht]]

+ * [[Habenichts]]

+ * [[handhaben]]

+ * [[anhaben]]

+ * [[vorhaben]]

+ * [[innehaben]]

+ * [[teilhaben]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[aufhaben]]

+ * [[heben]]

+ * [[Haft]]

+ * [[haschen]]

+ * [[en|have]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}