außer German · revision 35668

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=8th century, Old High German glosses|origins=ine-pro *ud-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈaʊ̯sɐ/, [ˈʔaʊ̯sɐ]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''außer'''^(Wiktionary)

+ In Switzerland it is spelled ''ausser''.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|ūzer]], [[inh|goh|ūzar]], [[inh|gem-pro|*ūtar|t=outside, out of]].^(Kluge 2011|76)^(Köbler AHD)^(Wiktionary) The same word is [[osx|ūtar]], [[non|útar]], [[ang|ūtor]] and [[ofs|ūter]].^(Kluge 2011|76)^(Duden 7 2014|141) It is formed from the Germanic adverb continued in [[aus]], which goes back to [[ine-pro|*ud-|t=out, up]].^(Kluge 2011|76)^(Köbler AHD)

+

+ The adjective [[äußere]], [[goh|ūzaro]], belongs with it and corresponds to [[en|outer]], [[m|en|utter]] and [[sv|yttre]]; its umlaut is secondary, taken over from the superlative [[äußerst]].^(Duden 7 2014|141)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''ūzar'' is first recorded in glosses of 765, and then in Otfrid, the Tatian and Notker.^(Köbler AHD) It meant “out of, out from” and “outside”, and also “except, but” and “unless”.^(Köbler AHD)^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ At first the word was spatial and could express both direction (“out of”) and position (“outside”).^(Paul 2002)^(Duden 7 2014|141) Luther's Bible has it often in this sense, as in ''außer dem Lager'' “outside the camp”, and it stayed in use into the 19th century: Lessing, Goethe and Schiller still wrote ''außer der Stadt'' or ''außer dir'' for “outside the town”, “outside yourself”.^(Paul 2002) Adelung explained phrases like ''außer Athem'' and ''außer Acht'' as remnants of an older use in which ''außer'' stood for ''aus''.^(Adelung 1793) The genitive survives in ''außer Landes'', and an accusative after verbs of motion, as in Schiller's ''außer allen Zweifel setzen''.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ Today the spatial sense lives on mainly in set phrases with nouns of state, such as ''außer Atem'', ''außer Gefahr'', ''außer Zweifel'', ''außer Dienst'' and ''außer sich sein'' “to be beside oneself”, and the word is otherwise used figuratively for “apart from, except”.^(Duden 7 2014|141)^(Paul 2002) In this sense it also became a conjunction, especially before other conjunctions, as in ''außer dass'' and ''außer wenn''.^(Paul 2002) In compounds with adjectives in ''-lich'', such as [[außerordentlich]] and [[außergewöhnlich]], it marks something as lying outside the state the adjective names, close to the sense of ''un-''.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 765 – Old High German ''ūzar'' appears in glosses.^(Köbler AHD)^(Kluge 2011|76)

+ * 1060–1065 – Middle High German ''ūzer'' is used by Williram of Ebersberg.^(Köbler MHD)

+ * 16th century – Luther's Bible uses ''außer'' in the spatial sense “outside”.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 18th century – ''außer Maßen'' “beyond measure” is current.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 19th century – The spatial use with a dative goes out of general use.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Preposition===

+ # ''(with dative)'' [[m|en|except]], [[m|en|apart from]]: ''Außer meiner Schwester kenne ich hier niemanden.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(with dative)'' [[m|en|besides]], in addition to: ''Außer der Arbeit muss sie noch die Kinder versorgen.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(with dative)'' Outside a place, a time, a relation or a state: ''außer Sicht'', ''außer Dienst'', ''außer Betrieb'' “out of order”, ''außer Haus'' “out, not at home”;^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary) ''(dated, with genitive)'' ''außer Landes'' “abroad”; with an accusative in a few verb phrases, ''etwas außer Zweifel setzen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''außer sich sein'' “to be beside oneself”, ''außer sich geraten'' “to lose one's self-control”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ===Conjunction===

+ # Except, [[m|en|unless]]: ''außer dass'', ''außer wenn'': ''Wir gehen spazieren, außer es schneit.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[äußere]]

+ * [[äußerst]]

+ * [[äußerlich]]

+ * [[äußern]]

+ * [[außerhalb]]

+ * [[außerdem]]

+ * [[außerordentlich]]

+ * [[außergewöhnlich]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[aus]]

+ * [[en|outer]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}