warnen German · revision 35667

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=765, Old High German glosses|origins=gem-pro *warnōną}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈvaʁnən/, /ˈvaːnən/, /ˈvaːnn̩/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''warnen''' (third-person singular present warnt, past tense warnte, past participle gewarnt, auxiliary haben)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|warnen]], [[inh|goh|warnōn]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*warnōn|t=to take heed, warn]].^(Kluge 2011|971)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary) The same verb is [[ang|wearnian]], continued in [[en|warn]], and [[gml|warnen]], [[dum|warnen]] and [[non|varna]].^(Kluge 2011|971)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Orel 2003) Wiktionary reconstructs [[gem-pro|*warnōną]], derived from a noun [[m|gem-pro|*warnō|t=warning]].^(Wiktionary)^(Orel 2003)

+

+ Kluge, Pfeifer and Duden place it in the family of [[wahren]]: Kluge takes it most probably as a formation with a suffix in /n/ from that root, so that it first meant “to look out for oneself” and “to make someone look out”.^(Kluge 2011|971)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020) Wiktionary takes the root as [[ine-pro|*wer-|t=to become aware, take heed]],^(Wiktionary) while Köbler gives it the meaning “to shut, cover, protect”.^(Köbler AHD) The Grimms' dictionary adds that a verb from the family of [[wehren]], [[gem-pro|*warnjan]] “to refuse, prevent”, was mixed with it; this verb is [[goh|warnen]] in the Hildebrandslied, [[osx|wernian]] and [[ang|wyrnan]].^(DWB|27, 2078)^(Köbler AHD) The Germanic verb also gave [[it|guarnire|t=to equip]] and [[fr|garnir]] (see [[garnieren]]).^(DWB|27, 2078)^(Duden 7 2020)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''warnōn'' is first recorded in glosses of 765, and then in Otfrid and Notker, meaning “to protect, prepare, equip” and, with a reflexive pronoun, “to take care, beware” or “to provide oneself with something”.^(Köbler AHD)^(Schützeichel 2012|372) The form ''warnen'' “to refuse” is found in the Hildebrandslied.^(Schützeichel 2012|372)^(Köbler AHD)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Middle High German the reflexive verb meant to prepare or arm oneself and to provide oneself with something.^(Lexer 1872|3, 693)^(Paul 2002) In late Middle High German and Early New High German it could also mean “to prevent”, as in Fronsperger's pairing of ''warnen'' with ''wenden'' “to avert” harm.^(Paul 2002) The modern sense, telling someone of a coming danger so that they can avoid it, is found from the Nibelungenlied on, but became common only in New High German.^(Paul 2002) Adelung defined the verb in just this way.^(Adelung 1793)

+

+ From the 17th to the 19th century one could also warn ''wider'' or ''gegen'' something, as Herder did;^(Paul 2002) ''vor'' is already found in Konrad von Würzburg and became the usual preposition.^(Paul 2002) The noun [[Warnung]] goes back to [[goh|warnunga]] (about 1000) and has had its present sense since the 16th century.^(Pfeifer 1993) [[verwarnen]] meant “to reprove, point to a danger” in the 16th century and “to threaten with a penalty” from the second half of the 18th.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 765 – Old High German ''warnōn'' appears in glosses.^(Köbler AHD)

+ * 8th century – The Hildebrandslied has ''warnen'' “to refuse”.^(Köbler AHD)

+ * About 1000 – First record of ''warnunga'' “preparation, protection”.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * Middle High German – The Nibelungenlied has the first instances of the modern sense.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 1482 – The Vocabularius teutonico-latinus records ''warnen''.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 16th century – ''Warnung'' takes on its present sense.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * Second half of the 18th century – ''verwarnen'' comes to mean “to threaten with a penalty”.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|warn]] someone of a danger, with ''vor'' and the dative: ''Der Wetterdienst warnt vor Sturmböen.''; also without an object.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To advise someone urgently against something, often with a [[m|en|threat]]: ''Ich warne dich, fass das nicht an!'';^(Duden GWDS 1999) ''ein warnendes Beispiel'', a [[m|en|deterrent]] example.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[verwarnen]]

+ * [[Warnung]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[wahren]]

+ * [[wehren]]

+ * [[garnieren]]

+ * [[en|warn]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}