stoßen German · revision 35660

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=end of the 8th century, Old High German glosses|origins=ine-pro *(s)tewd-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈʃtoːsn̩/, /ˈʃtoːsən/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''stoßen''' (class 7 strong, third-person singular present stößt, past tense stieß, past participle gestoßen, auxiliary haben or sein)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|stōzen]], [[inh|goh|stōzan]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*stautan]], [[inh|gem-pro|*stautaną|t=to push, bump, jolt]], a reduplicating strong verb.^(Kluge 2011|889)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary) The same verb is [[got|𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌿𐍄𐌰𐌽|tr=stautan]], [[osx|stōtan]], [[ofs|stēta]], [[gml|stōten]] and [[nl|stoten]], while [[non|stauta]] is weak.^(Kluge 2011|889)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020)

+

+ It goes back to [[ine-pro|*steu-d-|t=to push, strike]], which without the initial /s/ is found in [[sa|तुदति|tr=tudáti|t=strikes, goads]], [[sga|do-tuit|t=falls]] and [[la|tundō|t=to beat, pound]].^(Kluge 2011|889)^(Pfeifer 1993) Pfeifer also includes [[m|la|studeō|t=to strive, be eager]], which Kluge admits only as a possibility.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kluge 2011|889) Wiktionary explains the Germanic verb as an intensive formation with the o-grade of [[m|ine-pro|*(s)tewd-]].^(Wiktionary) Pfeifer and Duden count it among the extended forms of a root [[m|ine-pro|*(s)teu-|t=to push, strike]], which also underlies [[Stock]], [[Stück]], [[stottern]], [[stutzen]] and [[Steiß]], as well as [[grc|τύπτω|tr=túptō|t=to strike]] (see [[Typ]]) and [[m|la|stupeō|t=to be stunned]] (see [[stupid]]).^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''stōzan'' is first recorded in glosses of the end of the 8th century, and then in Otfrid and Notker.^(Köbler AHD)^(Schützeichel 2012|316) It meant to push or knock over, to drive away, to drive or put somewhere, and, with a reflexive pronoun, to be in turmoil;^(Schützeichel 2012|316)^(Köbler AHD) ''stōzan zū'' meant “to count among”.^(Schützeichel 2012|316)^(Köbler AHD)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Middle High German the verb also meant to press grapes, to border on something and to quarrel.^(Köbler MHD) The noun [[Stoß]] is as old as the verb.^(Pfeifer 1993) Since the 15th century it has also meant a heap stacked up, as of wood; [[Stößel]] “pestle” is [[goh|stōzil]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020) [[Stößer]] named a pestle and, in the 15th and 16th centuries, a sparrowhawk or a hawk, the bird that swoops on its prey, a sense the hunters' verb still has.^(Duden 7 2020)^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ Among the derivatives, [[anstößig]] meant “adjoining” in the 15th century and “offensive” from the 16th, ''anstoßen'' has meant “to clink glasses” since the 18th century, and [[abstoßend]] “repulsive” appeared at the end of the 18th century, first said of a magnet, like ''anziehend'' “attractive”.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020) [[Verstoß]] “breach” dates from the 17th century and the military [[Vorstoß]] “advance” from the 19th.^(Pfeifer 1993) The noun was borrowed into Hungarian as ''stósz'' “pile” (1927).^(LWP)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * End of the 8th century – Old High German ''stōzan'' appears in glosses.^(Köbler AHD)

+ * 1150–1170 – Middle High German ''stōzen'' is used in Lamprecht's ''Alexander''.^(Köbler MHD)

+ * 15th century – ''Stoß'' comes to mean a stacked heap.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 16th century – ''anstößig'' takes on the sense “offensive”.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 17th century – First record of ''Verstoß''.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 18th century – ''anstoßen'' “to clink glasses”.^(Duden 7 2020)

+ * End of the 18th century – ''abstoßend'' “repulsive” appears.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020)

+ * 19th century – ''vorstoßen'' and ''Vorstoß'' become military terms.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # ''(auxiliary haben)'' To hit with a quick movement, to [[m|en|jab]], [[m|en|thrust]]: ''Er stieß mich mit dem Ellbogen in die Seite.''; to drive something in: ''einen Pfahl in den Boden stoßen''; to push someone or something away or somewhere: ''jemanden ins Wasser stoßen'';^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary) ''(athletics)'' ''die Kugel stoßen'', to put the shot.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(auxiliary sein)'' To [[m|en|bump]] into something by accident: ''Sie ist im Dunkeln gegen den Schrank gestoßen.'';^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary) ''(reflexive, auxiliary haben)'' to hurt oneself by knocking against something: ''Ich habe mir das Knie gestoßen.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(auxiliary sein)'' ''auf jemanden'' or ''auf etwas stoßen'': to come across, find, meet with: ''Beim Graben stießen die Arbeiter auf alte Mauern.'';^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary) ''auf Widerstand stoßen'', to meet with resistance.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(auxiliary sein)'' ''zu jemandem stoßen'': to [[m|en|join]] someone or a group.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(auxiliary sein)'' Of a road: to lead straight to a place.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(auxiliary haben)'' ''an etwas stoßen'': to [[m|en|adjoin]], to border on.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # ''(reflexive)'' ''sich an etwas stoßen'': to take [[m|en|offence]] at something.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(hunting)'' Of a bird of prey: to swoop down on an animal.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # To pound, crush a granular substance: ''Nelken im Mörser stoßen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # Of a vehicle: to [[m|en|jolt]]; of wind: to blow in gusts.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(dated)'' To blow a short, strong note: ''ins Horn stoßen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(vulgar)'' Of a man: to have sex with.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(Switzerland)'' To push a bicycle, to push-start a car; on doors: push.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Stoß]]

+ * [[Stößel]]

+ * [[Stößer]]

+ * [[abstoßen]]

+ * [[abstoßend]]

+ * [[anstoßen]]

+ * [[Anstoß]]

+ * [[anstößig]]

+ * [[verstoßen]]

+ * [[Verstoß]]

+ * [[vorstoßen]]

+ * [[Vorstoß]]

+ * [[zerstoßen]]

+ * [[Stoßgebet]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[Stock]]

+ * [[Stück]]

+ * [[stottern]]

+ * [[stutzen]]

+ * [[Steiß]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}