Lied German · revision 35657

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=8th century, Old High German glosses|origins=gem-pro *leuþą}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /liːt/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''Lied''' ''n'' (genitive Liedes or Lieds, plural Lieder, diminutive Liedchen n or Liedlein n)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|liet]], [[inh|goh|liod]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*leuþ|t=song]], [[inh|gem-pro|*leuþą|t=song, lay]].^(Kluge 2011|577)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary) Kluge reconstructs a neuter whose singular meant a stanza and whose plural meant a whole song.^(Kluge 2011|577) The same word is [[osx|-lioth]], found in compounds, [[non|ljóð|t=stanza, song]] and [[ang|lēoþ|t=song]], continued in [[nl|lied]].^(Kluge 2011|577)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(AWB|5, 1036) The verb [[got|𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌸𐍉𐌽|tr=liuþōn|t=to sing praise]], with [[m|got|𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌸𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐍃|tr=liuþareis|t=singer]] and [[m|got|𐌰𐍅𐌹𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌸|tr=awiliuþ|t=thanksgiving]], shows that the noun also existed in that language, though it is not itself recorded there.^(Kluge 2011|577)^(Pfeifer 1993)

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+ Its origin is unclear.^(Kluge 2011|577)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2014) The first sense seems to have been a song of praise, as the derived verbs [[goh|liudōn|t=to sing, recite]] and [[non|ljóða|t=to compose, sing]] suggest.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002) On that basis Kluge, Pfeifer and Duden consider a link with [[la|laus|t=praise]], which would make both words extensions of a sound root [[ine-pro|*lē̌u-]].^(Kluge 2011|577)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2014)^(Köbler AHD) Pfeifer also considers a dental formation from [[m|ine-pro|*leubʰ-|t=to like, desire, praise]], the root of [[lieb]] and [[loben]], and Kluge too allows that the word may share a root with [[Lob]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kluge 2011|577)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''liod'' is first recorded in glosses from 765, among them the ''Abrogans'', and then in Otfrid, the ''Ludwigslied'', Notker and the ''Physiologus''.^(Köbler AHD)^(EWA|5, 1336)^(Schützeichel 2012|203) It meant a song, especially a song of praise or a hymn, and glossed Latin ''carmen'', ''canticum'', ''cantilena'' and ''hymnus''.^(EWA|5, 1336)^(AWB|5, 1036)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The Grimms thought the oldest idea behind the word was the playing of the harp: Gothic ''liuþareis'' renders Greek ''ᾄδων'' “singer”, and an Old High German gloss explains Latin ''bardus'' with ''leodslaho'', literally “song-striker”.^(DWB|12, 982) In Middle High German ''liet'' still meant a single stanza, so that a poem of several stanzas was ''diu liet'', in the plural.^(Lexer 1872)^(Paul 2002)^(DWB|12, 982) The word was also used for epic poetry recited in a chant, as the title ''Nibelungenlied'' still shows.^(Paul 2002)^(Duden GWDS 1999) Early New High German applied it to everything from mocking songs and street ballads to love songs, hymns and, in the 17th century, the ode.^(FWB)

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+ Several phrases are old: ''wes Brot ich ess, des Lied ich sing'' (“whose bread I eat, his song I sing”) goes back to Middle High German, ''von etwas ein Lied singen können'' (“to be able to sing a song about something”, to know it from bitter experience) is recorded in 1529, and ''das Ende vom Lied'' (“the end of the song”, the outcome) is used by Lessing.^(Paul 2002)^(EWA|5, 1336) English took the word in 1852 as [[m|en|lied]] for a German art song.^(Etymonline)^(Wiktionary) The compound ''Volkslied'' is recorded in English from 1858.^(LWP)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 765 – Old High German ''liod'' appears in glosses.^(Köbler AHD)

+ * Middle High German – ''liet'' names a single stanza, and the plural ''diu liet'' a song.^(Lexer 1872)^(Paul 2002)

+ * 1529 – First record of ''von etwas ein Lied singen können''.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 1852 – English borrows ''lied'' for a German art song.^(Etymonline)

+ * 1858 – ''Volkslied'' is recorded in English.^(LWP)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|song]]: a poem, usually of several stanzas of the same form, sung to a [[m|en|melody]], and also the melody itself: ''Die Kinder sangen ein Lied über den Winter.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # An [[m|en|epic]] poem, as in the ''Nibelungenlied''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # ''das Hohe Lied'': the [[m|en|Song of Songs]], a book of the Old Testament.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Volkslied]]

+ * [[Kunstlied]]

+ * [[Heldenlied]]

+ * [[Kinderlied]]

+ * [[Liebeslied]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[Lob]]

+ * [[loben]]

+ * [[en|lied]]

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+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Von etwas ein Lied singen können'' is to be able to tell of something unpleasant from one's own experience, and ''es ist immer das alte Lied'' (colloquial) means that nothing ever changes.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Paul 2002) Older German also wrote ''lied'' for [[Lid]] “lid, eyelid”, which Kluge derives from Germanic ''*hlida-'' “cover”, and for the word for a limb that survives as [[Glied]].^(Kluge 2011|576)^(DWB|12, 981)

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+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}