Fuß German · revision 35656

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=8th century, Old High German|origins=ine-pro *pṓds}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /fuːs/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''Fuß''' ''m'' (genitive Fußes, plural Füße, diminutive Füßchen n or Füßlein n or Fußerl n)^(Wiktionary)

+ Old High German declined the word partly as an i-stem, with the plural ''fuozzi'', and partly after other patterns, with dative plurals in ''-um'', ''-un'' and ''-on''.^(EWA|3, 649)

+ Middle High German had the plurals ''vuoʒe'' and, with umlaut, ''vüeʒe'', and as a measure it was left uninflected, as in ''drei Fuß'' today.^(Lexer 1872|3, 579)^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|vuoz]], [[inh|goh|fuoz]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*fōt]], [[inh|gem-pro|*fōts|t=foot]].^(Kluge 2011|326)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary)^(EWA|3, 649) The same word is [[osx|fōt]], [[gml|vōt]], [[ofs|fōt]], [[ang|fōt]], [[non|fótr]] and [[got|𐍆𐍉𐍄𐌿𐍃|tr=fōtus]], continued in [[nl|voet]], [[en|foot]] and [[sv|fot]].^(Kluge 2011|326)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kroonen 2013)^(Orel 2003) The u-stem of the East Germanic word is a new formation built on the accusative forms of an old root noun, perhaps helped by other body-part names of that class such as [[m|got|𐌷𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃|tr=handus|t=hand]].^(EWA|3, 649) The old inflection survives in plurals with umlaut such as [[m|ang|fēt]] and [[m|non|føtr]], from [[m|gem-pro|*fōtiz]], the source of the English plural [[m|en|feet]].^(EWA|3, 649)

+

+ It continues the root noun [[ine-pro|*pṓds|t=foot]], which had a strong ablaut within its paradigm that each language levelled in its own way.^(Kluge 2011|326)^(Kroonen 2013) Germanic generalised the lengthened grade [[m|ine-pro|*pōd-]].^(Kroonen 2013) Related words are [[sa|पद्|tr=pád]], [[grc|πούς|tr=poús]] with the Doric form [[m|grc|πώς|tr=pṓs]], [[la|pēs]], [[lt|pėda]], [[hit|pata-]] and [[txb|paiyye]].^(Kluge 2011|326)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Orel 2003)^(Wiktionary) Kluge takes the root to be ultimately an imitation of heavy treading.^(Kluge 2011|326) Forms with the vowel /e/ of the same root are behind [[Fessel]] “fetter”, and the Latin and Greek words reached German as [[Pedal]] and [[Podium]].^(Kluge 2011|326)^(Duden 7 2020)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''fuoz'' is recorded from the 8th century, possibly first in the Merseburg charms, which Köbler dates with a query to the first half of that century, and then in glosses, Isidor, the Tatian, Otfrid and Notker.^(Köbler AHD)^(EWA|3, 649)^(Schützeichel 2012|118) Besides the [[m|en|foot]] it meant a hoof, a base or [[m|en|plinth]], a podium and a metrical foot, glossing Latin ''pes'', ''planta'', ''basis'' and ''dactylus''.^(EWA|3, 649)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The name of the body part was early transferred to the supporting part of vessels, furniture and buildings, and to the foot of a mountain.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020) It was also a measure of length, now out of use in German, unlike English [[m|en|foot]].^(Duden 7 2020)^(Wahrig Herkunftswörterbuch) In southern German, Austrian and Swiss usage ''Fuß'' can mean the whole leg.^(Duden 7 2020)^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ The legal formula ''stehenden Fußes'' “on the spot, at once”, recorded in the 14th century, is probably a translation of Latin ''stante pede'': a judgement could be challenged only as long as the challenger had not moved his foot from the place.^(Paul 2002)^(Kluge 2011|326)^(Duden 7 2020) Many phrases followed: ''etwas mit Füßen treten'' “to trample on something” is found from Luther on, ''Hand und Fuß haben'' “to make sense” in 1650, and ''Fuß fassen'' “to gain a footing” in the 18th century.^(Paul 2002) [[Fußball]] was formed in the 17th century as a translation of English [[m|en|football]], at first for the ball kicked with the foot.^(Duden 7 2020)^(Pfeifer 1993) Since the end of the 19th century it has named the team game.^(Duden 7 2020)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 8th century – Old High German ''fuoz'' is first recorded.^(Kluge 2011|326)^(Köbler AHD)

+ * 14th century – The legal formula ''stehenden Fußes'' is recorded.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 15th century – ''Fußangel'' “mantrap, caltrop” and ''Füßling'' “foot of a stocking” are recorded.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020)

+ * 16th century – Luther uses ''etwas mit Füßen treten''.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 17th century – ''Fußball'' is formed after English ''football''.^(Duden 7 2020)^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 1650 – First record of ''Hand und Fuß haben''.^(Paul 2002)

+ * Late 19th century – ''Fußball'' comes to mean the team game.^(Duden 7 2020)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|foot]]: the lowest part of the leg of a human or vertebrate, joined to it at the [[m|en|ankle]]: ''Nach der langen Wanderung taten ihr die Füße weh.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(southern Germany, Austria, Switzerland)'' The [[m|en|leg]].^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # The last segment of an insect's leg, and the muscular organ of movement of a [[m|en|mollusc]].^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # The supporting part of a piece of furniture or other object, or the lower part from which something rises, a [[m|en|base]]: ''der Fuß des Berges''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # The part of a [[m|en|stocking]] that covers the foot.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(plural unchanged; dated)'' A foot as a [[m|en|unit]] of length, of varying size.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Short for [[Versfuß]]: a metrical foot.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A standard or footing, as in ''auf großem Fuß leben'' “to live in grand style”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[barfuß]]

+ * [[Fußangel]]

+ * [[Fußball]]

+ * [[fußen]]

+ * [[Fußgänger]]

+ * [[Fußvolk]]

+ * [[Fußballen]]

+ * [[Fußboden]]

+ * [[Fußfessel]]

+ * [[-füßig]]

+ * [[Füßling]]

+ * [[Fußnote]]

+ * [[Fußstapfe]]

+ * [[Versfuß]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[Fessel]]

+ * [[Pedal]]

+ * [[Podium]]

+ * [[en|foot]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Zu Fuß'' means on foot, ''bei Fuß!'' is the command that keeps a dog at heel, and ''kalte Füße bekommen'' (colloquial) is to back out of a plan because of second thoughts.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}