Modell German · revision 35641

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=1610, Philipp Hainhofer|origins=la modus}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /moˈdɛl/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''Modell''' ''n'' (genitive Modells, plural Modelle)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|it|modello|t=pattern, model]], borrowed around 1600 as a term of the visual arts.^(Kluge 2011|629)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DFWB) The Italian word goes back to [[la-vul|*modellus]], which stands for [[la|modulus|t=small measure; scale]], the diminutive of [[m|la|modus|t=measure, manner]] (see [[Modus]]).^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2014|569)^(Wahrig Herkunftswörterbuch) According to the Grimms it came in through the goldsmiths of Nuremberg, Augsburg, Strasbourg and Basel, who obtained patterns in lead and plaster from Italy.^(DWB|12, 2439)^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ It replaced an older loan from the Latin diminutive, [[Model]] (a mould or pattern), [[gmh|model]], already found as [[goh|modul]] in Notker (around 1000), where it is a technical term for a conjunction.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(EWA|6, 529)^(Köbler AHD) The same word is [[nl|model]], [[en|model]] and [[fr|modèle]].^(Kluge 2011|629)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The first record is a letter of the Augsburg art dealer Philipp Hainhofer of 1610, about a copper basin and jug that serve ''zu ainem modell''.^(DFWB)^(Paul 2002) Dictionaries list it from 1668 (Böckler), and Stieler (1691) defines it as a pattern in plaster or lead.^(DWB|12, 2439)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ From the workshops of goldsmiths, founders, painters and sculptors the word spread into general use, pushing ''Model'' back into the language of craftsmen and the dialects.^(DWB|12, 2439)^(DFWB) By 1656 it was used for a pattern or example in general, and in the 18th century for a scale reproduction of an object and a person who poses for an artist (Winckelmann 1755, ''Modell sitzen, stehen'').^(DFWB)^(Paul 2002) Later senses are the type of a manufactured product, a one-off garment of a fashion house, and in science a simplified representation of a system.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary) For a fashion model German took the English form [[Model]] in the early 1980s, and ''Modell'' has also been used as a euphemism for a prostitute.^(Paul 2002)^(Pfeifer 1993) The verb [[modellieren]] “to shape” is recorded in 1739, after Italian ''modellare''.^(Paul 2002)^(Pfeifer 1993)

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+ German ''Modell'' was borrowed into Hungarian ''modell'' (1789) and into [[sv|modell]].^(LWP)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1000 – Old High German ''modul'' is used by Notker.^(EWA|6, 529)^(Köbler AHD)

+ * 3rd quarter of the 13th century – Middle High German ''model'' “measure, form, pattern” appears in the ''Jüngerer Titurel''.^(Köbler MHD)

+ * 1610 – ''Modell'' is used by Philipp Hainhofer.^(DFWB)

+ * 1739 – ''modellieren'' is recorded.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 1755 – Winckelmann uses the word for a person who poses for an artist.^(DFWB)

+ * Early 1980s – English ''model'' is taken over for a fashion model.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|model]], a reproduction of an object, usually on a smaller [[m|en|scale]]: ''Er baut das Modell eines Segelschiffs.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(technology, art)'' A pattern from which a mould for casting is made.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(science)'' A simplified representation of the structure or workings of something: ''ein Modell des Klimasystems''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A person or thing that serves as the subject of an artist or photographer: ''Sie saß dem Bildhauer Modell.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # A type or version of a manufactured product: ''Das neue Modell ist sparsamer.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(fashion)'' A one-off garment from a fashion house.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # A pattern, an example to follow: ''Das Projekt gilt als Modell für andere Städte.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[modellieren]]

+ * [[modeln]]

+ * [[Modellbau]]

+ * [[Fotomodell]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[Model]]

+ * [[Modus]]

+ * [[Modul]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Modell stehen'' or ''sitzen'' is to pose for an artist.^(Duden GWDS 1999) ''Ein auslaufendes Modell'' is a product that is being discontinued, and, colloquially, a person whose career is ending.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}