hingegen German · revision 35625

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=compound|attested=16th century}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * [hɪnˈɡeːɡŋ̩], [hɪnˈɡeːɡən]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''hingegen'''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is a compound of [[hin]] and [[gegen]].^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Paul 2002)^(Köbler MHD) The first part is [[gmh|hin]], [[goh|hina|t=away from here]], formed with an n-suffix from the pronoun stem [[gem-pro|*hi-|t=this]], which also underlies [[her]], [[heute]] and [[heuer]], from [[ine-pro|*ḱe-|t=this]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(EWA|4, 1023)^(Kroonen 2013) The second is [[m|gmh|gegen]], [[goh|gegin]], from [[gem-pro|*gagna-]], with no clear comparisons outside Germanic.^(Kluge 2011|340)

+

+ The Grimms' dictionary treats it beside the older [[hergegen]], which pointed a movement or action towards the speaker and the younger word away from the speaker, but as both were used mostly in a transferred sense the difference wore away.^(DWB|10, 1098) From the end of the 18th century the older word gave way to this one and to [[dagegen]].^(DWB|10, 1098)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ The oldest uses listed by the Grimms' dictionary are local, “towards, opposite”, as in Opitz's ''hingegen ost und west'', and with verbs of saying and doing, marking a response or a service in return, as in the German ''Amadis'' (16th century): ''hingegen sagt ihr auch Amadis'' “Amadis in turn told her”.^(DWB|10, 1437) In Early New High German it could mean “in return” like ''dagegen'', as in Logau's ''Gott wird reichen Lohn ihm hingegen geben''.^(Paul 2002)

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+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Later the word came to mark only a contrast, and so took on the character of a conjunction (''du hast es leicht, ich hingegen …'').^(Paul 2002) Stieler (1668) glosses ''hingegen zusagen'' as Latin ''repromittere'' “to promise in return”.^(DWB|10, 1437) The fuller ''dahingegen'', first recorded in 1592, is now dated, though Heine still used it like ''während'' for contrasts;^(Paul 2002)^(Wiktionary) ''wohingegen'' is still current.^(Paul 2002)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 16th century – ''hingegen'' is used for an answer or service in return.^(DWB|10, 1437)^(Paul 2002)

+ * 1592 – First record of ''dahingegen''.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 1668 – Stieler records ''hingegen zusagen'' “to promise in return”.^(DWB|10, 1437)

+ * End of the 18th century – The older ''hergegen'' dies out in favour of ''hingegen'' and ''dagegen''.^(DWB|10, 1098)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Conjunction===

+ # ''(also adverb)'' [[m|en|however]], on the other hand, by [[m|en|contrast]]: ''Ihr Bruder spielt Geige, sie hingegen spielt Klavier.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

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+ ==Word family==

+ * [[dahingegen]]

+ * [[wohingegen]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[dagegen]]

+ * [[hin]]

+ * [[gegen]]

+ * [[hergegen]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}