Forderung German · revision 35621

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=9th century, Old High German glosses|origins=goh fordaro}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈfɔʁdəʁʊŋ/, [ˈfɔɐ̯dɐʁʊŋ]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''Forderung''' ''f'' (genitive Forderung, plural Forderungen)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|vorderunge]], [[inh|goh|fordarunga]], a noun formed with [[-ung]] from [[fordern]], [[m|gmh|vordern]], [[goh|fordarōn]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kluge 2011|310)^(DWB2|9, 755) The verb is a derivative of [[vorder]], [[m|goh|fordaro]], and first meant to make someone or something come forward, as in calling a man out to fight.^(Kluge 2011|310)^(Pfeifer 1993) The verb is found only in German, from which [[sv|fordra]] and [[nl|vorderen]] were borrowed.^(Duden 7 2007)^(Pfeifer 1993) In some regions the first r was lost by dissimilation ([[m|gmh|vodern]]), and until the 19th century the noun was also spelled Foderung.^(Kluge 2011|310)^(DWB2|9, 755)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''fordrunga'' is first recorded in a gloss of the 9th century rendering Latin ''promotiones'' “advancements”, and an 11th-century gloss uses it for ''praerogativa'' “privilege”.^(DWB2|9, 755)^(Pfeifer 1993) Middle High German ''vorderunge'' meant a demand, a claim in law, and a complaint;^(Köbler MHD)^(DWB|3, 1895) Walther von der Vogelweide says his claim on someone is less than a bean (''mîn vorderunge ist ûf in kleiner denne ein bône'').^(Köbler MHD)^(DWB|3, 1895)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ From Middle High German times ''fordern'' was a common term of law for summoning someone to court and for claiming payments and dues, and ''Forderung'' was used above all as a legal claim until the 18th century, in pairs such as ''Klage und Forderung''; later it came to mean chiefly money owed.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DWB2|9, 755)^(Duden 7 2007) A rarer sense, recorded from 1596, was a challenge to a duel.^(DWB2|9, 755)^(Duden GWDS 1999) The Grimms' dictionary contrasts it with ''Verlangen'': a ''Forderung'' is more imperious and directed outward, so that one says ''eine harte Forderung'' but ''ein heißes Verlangen''.^(DWB|3, 1895) In the 15th and 16th centuries the form ''forderung'' was also used for “support, promotion” ([[Förderung]]).^(DWB2|9, 755)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 9th century – Old High German ''fordrunga'' glosses Latin ''promotiones''.^(DWB2|9, 755)

+ * 11th century – A gloss uses ''fordrunga'' for ''praerogativa''.^(DWB2|9, 755)

+ * 1596 – First record of the sense “challenge to a duel”.^(DWB2|9, 755)

+ * 18th century – End of its main use as a legal claim; later chiefly a financial claim.^(DWB2|9, 755)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A firmly expressed [[m|en|demand]] or claim: ''Die Streikenden stellten die Forderung nach höheren Löhnen.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # Something required from a certain point of view: ''eine moralische Forderung'';^(Duden GWDS 1999) ''die Forderung des Tages'', what the circumstances call for.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(commerce)'' A financial [[m|en|claim]] arising from goods or services supplied; a debt owed to one: ''Die Firma hat offene Forderungen an mehrere Kunden.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # ''(historical)'' A [[m|en|challenge]] to fight a [[m|en|duel]]: ''eine Forderung auf Säbel''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Herausforderung]]

+ * [[Anforderung]]

+ * [[Aufforderung]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[fordern]]

+ * [[vorder]]

+ * [[fördern]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}