kündigen German · revision 35618

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=late 12th century|origins=ine-pro *ǵneh₃-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * [ˈkʏndɪɡən], [ˈkʏndɪɡn̩], [ˈkʏndɪɡŋ̩]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''kündigen''' (third-person singular present kündigt, past tense kündigte, past participle gekündigt, auxiliary haben)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|kündigen|t=to make known, proclaim]], formed from [[m|gmh|kündec|t=known; knowing]] (modern [[kundig]]).^(Wiktionary)^(DWB|11, 2629) The base is the adjective [[kund|t=known]], [[m|gmh|kunt]], [[goh|kund]], from [[gem-pro|*kunþaz|t=known]].^(Duden 7 2007)^(Köbler AHD) The same adjective is [[got|𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍃|tr=kunþs]], [[ang|cūþ]] and [[non|kunnr]].^(Duden 7 2007)^(AWB) It was originally the participle of the verb that became [[können]], and goes back to the root [[ine-pro|*ǵneh₃-|t=to know, recognise]].^(Duden 7 2007)^(Köbler AHD) Wiktionary reconstructs a verb [[gmw-pro|*kunþīgōn|t=to make known]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ The sense “to terminate (a contract)” did not come from the old verb directly: the simple verb had nearly died out, and the new meaning was taken over from [[aufkündigen]] “to announce the end of an agreement”.^(Kluge 2011|549)^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Middle High German ''kündigen'' meant “to make known, announce, proclaim”, and is recorded from the late 12th century, in Priester Wernher's ''Maria'' (1172–1190), and in charters from 1261.^(Köbler MHD)^(Lexer 1872) Early New High German used it for official announcements in legal texts and for proclaiming God's work in religious ones.^(FWB)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In the 15th century glossaries still render ''kündigen'' with Latin words for “make known, proclaim”, and the Low German ''Reinke de Vos'' has ''vrede kundigen'', of a herald proclaiming peace.^(DWB|11, 2629) After that the simple verb fell out of use: Adelung lists it only as obsolete, and knew only [[abkündigen]], [[ankündigen]], [[aufkündigen]] and [[verkündigen]], which were all still in everyday use.^(DWB|11, 2629) Poets and writers revived the old sense around 1800, as Goethe did in 1810.^(DWB|11, 2629)

+

+ In ordinary speech, however, ''kündigen'' came back as a shortened ''aufkündigen'': to give notice on a contract, a lease or a loan.^(DWB|11, 2629)^(Duden GWDS 1999) Campe was the first to record this, and Kluge dates the narrowed meaning to the 19th century.^(DWB|11, 2629)^(Kluge 2011|549) From the contract it spread to the employment relationship, so that an employer can ''kündigen'' a worker and a worker can ''kündigen'' a job.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 1172–1190 – Middle High German ''kündigen'' “to make known” appears in Priester Wernher's ''Maria''.^(Köbler MHD)

+ * 1261 – First of 18 records in Middle High German charters.^(Köbler MHD)

+ * 1482 – A Latin–German vocabulary glosses ''kundigen'' as “to make known, to proclaim”.^(DWB|11, 2629)

+ * Late 18th century – Adelung records the simple verb only as obsolete.^(DWB|11, 2629)

+ * Early 19th century – Campe records ''kündigen'' in the sense “to give notice”.^(DWB|11, 2629)

+ * 1810 – Goethe uses ''kündigen'' in the revived sense “to announce, show”.^(DWB|11, 2629)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To give [[m|en|notice]] of the end of a contractual arrangement, to [[m|en|terminate]] or [[m|en|cancel]]: ''einen Handyvertrag kündigen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # With a dative: to give a tenant notice to quit: ''Der Vermieter hat uns zum Jahresende gekündigt.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # With a dative (in Austria always, elsewhere colloquially, with an accusative): to [[m|en|dismiss]] an employee: ''Der Firma blieb nichts anderes übrig, als zehn Leuten zu kündigen.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # To hand in one's notice, to [[m|en|resign]] from a job: ''Sie hat zum Monatsende gekündigt.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # ''(figurative)'' To renounce: ''jemandem die Freundschaft kündigen'' “to break off a friendship with someone”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(archaic)'' To make known, [[m|en|proclaim]].^(Wiktionary)^(DWB|11, 2629)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[ankündigen]]

+ * [[aufkündigen]]

+ * [[verkündigen]]

+ * [[kündbar]]

+ * [[Kündigung]]

+ * [[Kündigungsfrist]]

+ * [[unkündbar]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[künden]]

+ * [[kund]]

+ * [[kundig]]

+ * [[Kunde]]

+ * [[können]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}