Urteil German · revision 35616

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=before 743, Lex Baiuvariorum|origins=gem-pro *uzdailiją}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈʊʁtaɪ̯l/, [ˈʊʁtaɪ̯l], [ˈʊɐ̯taɪ̯l]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''Urteil''' ''n'' (genitive Urteiles or Urteils, plural Urteile, diminutive Urteilchen n)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|urteil]], [[inh|goh|urteili]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*uʀdailī|t=what is handed out]], [[inh|gem-pro|*uzdailiją|t=judicial decision]].^(Wiktionary)^(Pfeifer 1993) It is an old noun formed beside the verb [[erteilen]] “to allot, impart”, Old High German [[m|goh|irteilen]], with the stressed form of the prefix that is unstressed in the verb (see [[ur-]] and [[er-]]); the base is [[Teil]].^(Kluge 2011|945)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|891) Old High German had several forms beside one another, the neuter [[m|goh|urteili]], the feminines [[m|goh|urteilī]] and [[m|goh|urteila]], and [[m|goh|urteil]] of all three genders.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Köbler AHD)

+

+ The same noun is [[osx|urdēli]], [[gml|ōrdēl]], [[nl|oordeel]] and [[ang|ordāl]], whence [[en|ordeal]], the trial by which God was believed to judge.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary) According to Kluge the noun was specialised out of the phrase [[m|goh|tuom irteilen]], Old Saxon [[m|osx|dōmos ādēlian]] “to give judgement”, and the verb itself could also mean “to pass sentence”.^(Kluge 2011|945)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''urteili'' is first found in the Lex Baiuvariorum, before 743, and Pfeifer dates it to the 8th century.^(Köbler AHD)^(Pfeifer 1993) It appears in Isidor, the Monsee fragments and Otfrid, and ''urteil'' in the glosses from the second quarter of the 9th century, meaning a judgement or verdict, a court and a right.^(Schützeichel 2012|365)^(Köbler AHD) From the start the word was used in the legal sense “allotment of right”.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The meaning “what is handed out” was narrowed early to the verdict a judge gives.^(Duden 7 2020|891) The general sense “opinion, view” grew up in the mystical writing of the Middle Ages, and the neuter gender prevailed only in the 18th century.^(Pfeifer 1993) Paul notes that the genitive beside ''Urteil'' now names the judge, while Luther could still use it for the person judged (''das Urteil der großen Hure'', Revelation 17:1), and that Christian Wolff first used the word for the logical judgement, the joining or separating of two concepts.^(Paul 2002) A weakened form ''Urtel'' survives in dialects and was once frequent in literature as well.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ The verb [[urteilen]], Middle High German ''urteilen'', replaced the older ''erteilen'' in the sense “to pass judgement”.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002) [[Urteilskraft]] dates from the 17th century and [[Urteilsvermögen]] from the 18th.^(Pfeifer 1993) The word was borrowed into Hungarian as ''ortály'' (1575) and into Czech and Slovak as ''ortel'' and ''ortieľ''.^(LWP)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Before 743 – Old High German ''urteili'' appears in the Lex Baiuvariorum.^(Köbler AHD)

+ * c. 800 – A form ''urteilida'' is recorded.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 9th century – The forms ''urteilī'', ''urteila'' and ''urteil'' appear.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 1227 – Middle High German ''urteile'' appears in charters.^(Köbler MHD)

+ * 1575 – Hungarian ''ortály'' “judgement, decision” is first recorded.^(LWP)

+ * 17th century – First record of ''Urteilskraft''.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 18th century – The neuter gender prevails.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # ''(law)'' A [[m|en|judgement]], [[m|en|verdict]] or [[m|en|sentence]]: the decision of a court that settles a case at one instance: ''Das Gericht verkündet das Urteil am Freitag.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # An [[m|en|opinion]] or assessment, especially a considered one by an expert: ''Sie wollte das Urteil einer Fachfrau hören.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(philosophy)'' A judgement in the logical sense, a piece of knowledge put into a proposition.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[urteilen]]

+ * [[beurteilen]]

+ * [[verurteilen]]

+ * [[aburteilen]]

+ * [[Vorurteil]]

+ * [[Urteilskraft]]

+ * [[Urteilsvermögen]]

+ * [[Todesurteil]]

+ * [[Gottesurteil]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[erteilen]]

+ * [[Teil]]

+ * [[en|ordeal]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}