genug German · revision 35613

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=8th century, Old High German glosses|origins=ine-pro *h₂neḱ-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ɡəˈnuːk/, /ɡəˈnʊx/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''genug'''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|genuoc]], [[inh|goh|ginuog]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*ganōg]], [[inh|gem-pro|*ganōgaz|t=enough, sufficient]].^(Wiktionary)^(Kluge 2011|348)^(Pfeifer 1993) The same word is [[got|𐌲𐌰𐌽𐍉𐌷𐍃|tr=ganōhs]], [[non|gnógr]], [[ang|genōg]], [[ofs|enōch]] and [[osx|ginōg]], continued in [[en|enough]], [[nl|genoeg]] and [[sv|nog]].^(Kluge 2011|348)^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ It was a verbal adjective, built with an unusual ablaut grade, to the preterite-present verb seen in [[got|𐌲𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌷|tr=ganah|t=it suffices]], [[ang|geneah]] and [[goh|ginah]], properly “has reached”, with the prefix [[m|gem-pro|*ga-]].^(Kluge 2011|348)^(Pfeifer 1993) Kluge traces it to the root [[ine-pro|*(e)neḱ-|t=to reach]], also “to carry”, found in [[la|nancīscor|t=to obtain]], [[sga|ro-icc|t=reaches]], [[lt|nèšti|t=to carry]], [[cu|нести|tr=nesti|t=to carry]], [[grc|ἐνεγκεῖν|tr=enenkeîn|t=to bring]], [[sa|अश्नोति|tr=aśnóti|t=reaches]] and [[txb|eṅk-|t=to seize]].^(Kluge 2011|348) Wiktionary writes the root [[m|ine-pro|*h₂neḱ-]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''ginuog'' is found in the glosses from 765, in the Abrogans, and then in the Tatian, Otfrid, the Monsee fragments, Williram and Notker.^(Köbler AHD)^(EWA|4, 353) It meant “enough, sufficient”, but also “plentiful, abundant, very”: ''ginuog habēn'' was to have in abundance, and ''ginuog tuon'' to atone, render satisfaction.^(EWA|4, 353)^(Schützeichel 2012|242)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Old and Middle High German it was still a full adjective, inflected and used attributively (''genuogiu lēra'' “sufficient teaching”), but modern German keeps only the uninflected neuter, which works like an adverb or an indefinite pronoun.^(Paul 2002)^(Pfeifer 1993) The older language put the noun in the genitive, as Luther's ''Brots genug'' “bread enough”, and ''er ist Manns genug'' is still current.^(Paul 2002) A nasalised form ''genung'' has been found in Central German since the 14th century and was used by Lessing and Goethe, mostly in rhyme; northern speech shortens the vowel.^(Paul 2002)^(EWA|4, 353)

+

+ ''Genugtun'' and [[Genugtuung]] (15th century) are loan translations of Latin ''satisfacere'' and ''satisfactio''.^(Duden 7 2020|315)^(Wahrig Herkunftswörterbuch) [[genügsam]] “frugal” (15th century) was attached to [[genügen]], while Middle High German ''genuocsam'' still meant “sufficient”.^(Duden 7 2020|315)^(Wahrig Herkunftswörterbuch) Colloquially ''genug haben'' has also meant “to be drunk”, as in Lichtenberg.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 765 – Old High German ''ginuog'' appears in glosses.^(Köbler AHD)

+ * c. 800 – The verb ''ginah'' “it suffices” is recorded.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 1060–1065 – Middle High German ''genuoc'' is used by Williram of Ebersberg.^(Köbler MHD)

+ * 14th century – The Central German form ''genung'' appears.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 15th century – ''Genugtuung'' and ''genügsam'' are formed.^(Duden 7 2020|315)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # [[m|en|enough]], [[m|en|sufficient]], in a satisfactory amount, before or after a noun: ''Wir haben genug Brot für alle.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # After an adjective: sufficiently: ''Ist das Wasser warm genug?''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(genug haben)'' To be [[m|en|fed up]] with something: ''Jetzt habe ich aber genug von dem Lärm!''^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ===Interjection===

+ # Enough!, stop!^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Genüge]]

+ * [[genügen]]

+ * [[genügend]]

+ * [[genugsam]]

+ * [[genügsam]]

+ * [[Genugtuung]]

+ * [[ungenügend]]

+ * [[begnügen]]

+ * [[vergnügen]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[en|enough]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Sich selbst genug sein'' means to need no company but one's own.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}