Freude German · revision 35610

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=8th century, Old High German|origins=gem-pro *frawaz}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈfʁɔɪ̯də/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''Freude''' ''f'' (genitive Freude, plural Freuden)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|vröude]], [[inh|goh|frewida]], [[inh|gem-pro|*frawiþō|t=joy]].^(Wiktionary)^(Kluge 2011|317) Kluge takes it as a pre-German abstract noun to the adjective [[froh]] “glad”, Old High German [[m|goh|frō]], with the suffix [[m|goh|-ida]] seen also in [[Gemeinde]] and [[Zierde]]; [[freuen]] belongs to the same group.^(Kluge 2011|317)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|287) Old High German also had the form [[m|goh|frouwida]].^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ It is mainly a High German word, foreign to Gothic, Old English and Old Norse; the Grimms' dictionary thinks [[dum|vroude]], [[nl|vreugde]] and [[sv|fröjd]] were borrowed from German, while Duden counts the Scandinavian words as related by ablaut, with their meaning influenced by German.^(DWB|4, 142)^(Duden 7 2020|287) The adjective goes back to [[gem-pro|*frawaz]], which in Old Norse [[m|non|frár]] means “swift”, perhaps the original sense.^(Kluge 2011|320) Pfeifer connects it with the root [[ine-pro|*prew-|t=to jump]], and Kluge with [[m|ine-pro|*pro|t=forward]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kluge 2011|320)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''frewida'' is recorded from the 8th or 9th century, and ''frouwida'' from the 9th, in Isidor, Otfrid, Notker, Williram and the Würzburg confession, meaning joy and delight, also gloating.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Schützeichel 2012|113)^(Köbler AHD) Otfrid (863–871) calls it ''ther frewida ist alles guates'', the joy of all good.^(DWB2|9, 1002)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Middle High German often used the word in the plural, which survives in ''mit Freuden'' and ''vor Freuden''.^(Duden 7 2020|287)^(Paul 2002) Adelung records an obsolete sense “courage”, still seen in ''mit Freuden in den Tod gehen'' and in the adjective [[freudig]] (16th century).^(Adelung 1793)^(Pfeifer 1993) Schiller's ode ''An die Freude'' begins ''Freude, schöner Götterfunken''.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ [[Freudenmädchen]] “prostitute” is an 18th-century loan translation of French ''fille de joie'', and it gave [[Freudenhaus]] the sense “brothel”; in the 16th and 17th centuries, and already in Middle High German ''vröudenhūs'', it had been simply a house full of joy.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|287) The ironic phrase ''Friede, Freude, Eierkuchen'', for a harmony that hides problems, is recorded since 1959.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 8th–9th century – Old High German ''frewida'' is first recorded.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kluge 2011|317)

+ * 863–871 – Otfrid uses ''frewida''.^(DWB2|9, 1002)

+ * Before 1022 – Notker writes ''in sánge ist fróuueda'', “in song is joy”.^(DWB2|9, 1002)

+ * 15th century – Early New High German has ''freudenweib'' “prostitute”.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 16th century – First record of ''freudig''.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 18th century – ''Freudenmädchen'' is formed after French ''fille de joie''.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|287)

+ * 1959 – First record of ''Friede, Freude, Eierkuchen''.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|joy]], [[m|en|delight]], [[m|en|gladness]]: a happy state of mind: ''Die Kinder hüpften vor Freude.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(elevated, plural)'' Things that give pleasure: ''die kleinen Freuden des Alltags''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[freudig]]

+ * [[Schadenfreude]]

+ * [[Vorfreude]]

+ * [[Lebensfreude]]

+ * [[Freudenfeuer]]

+ * [[Freudenhaus]]

+ * [[Freudenmädchen]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[freuen]]

+ * [[froh]]

+ * [[fröhlich]]

+ * [[frohlocken]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Jemandem eine Freude machen'' is to please someone, and ironically ''du machst mir Freude!'' means “you disappoint me”.^(Duden GWDS 1999) ''Aus Spaß an der Freud'' is a jocular way of saying “just for the fun of it”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}