lauten German · revision 35600

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=Old High German|origins=ine-pro *ḱlew-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈlaʊ̯.tən/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''lauten''' (third-person singular present lautet, past tense lautete, past participle gelautet, auxiliary haben)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|lūten|t=to sound, ring]], [[inh|goh|hlūtēn]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*hlūdēn|t=to sound]], a verb formed from the adjective [[laut]] “loud”.^(Wiktionary)^(Kluge 2011|563)^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(DWB|12, 372) The same verb is [[odt|lūdōn]] and [[nl|luiden]].^(DWB|12, 372)^(Wiktionary) Beside it Old High German had the causative [[m|goh|hlūtjan]], whence [[läuten]], which in modern German absorbed the general sense “to sound”.^(Wiktionary)^(DWB|12, 372)^(Paul 2002)

+

+ The adjective, Old High German [[m|goh|hlūt]], is [[gem-pro|*hlūdaz|t=loud]], also in [[osx|hlūd]], [[ang|hlūd]] (whence [[en|loud]]) and [[ofs|hlūd]].^(Kluge 2011|563)^(Kroonen 2013)^(Pfeifer 1993) It was originally the to-participle of [[ine-pro|*ḱlew-|t=to hear]], meaning “heard, audible”.^(Kluge 2011|563)^(Pfeifer 1993) A corresponding participle with the meaning “famous” is [[sa|श्रुत|tr=śrutá]], [[grc|κλυτός|tr=klutós]] and [[la|inclutus]].^(Kluge 2011|563)^(Pfeifer 1993) Kroonen points out that the long vowel must have arisen within Germanic, since the root did not end in a laryngeal.^(Kroonen 2013) The root is also in [[Leumund]], [[lauschen]] and [[cu|слово|tr=slovo|t=word]].^(Kluge 2011|563)^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ In Middle High German ''lūten'' meant “to sound, resound”, of any noise that carried: in ''Engelhart'' broken spears ''lûte alsam ein donerslac'' “sounded like a thunderclap”.^(DWB|12, 372)^(FWB)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Luther still used it of instruments: ''an welchem ort jr nu die posaunen lauten höret'' “where you hear the trumpets sound” (Nehemiah 4:20).^(DWB|12, 372)^(Paul 2002) It was said of bells into the 19th century, in Schiller, Jean Paul and Immermann, before [[läuten]] replaced it there.^(Paul 2002) Adelung still records it for a voice and an instrument, as in “the violin sounds very loud”.^(Adelung 1793)

+

+ The sense that survives grew out of [[Laut]] in the meaning “wording”: ''lauten'' gives the wording, and then the content, of a speech or a document, which was originally read aloud.^(Paul 2002) Early New High German already used it for “to have a certain wording, to be written so”, and also “to mean”.^(FWB) Schiller's ''wie es zu Meinungen lautet'' “as rumour has it” is now expressed by [[verlauten]].^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Old High German – ''hlūtēn'' “to sound” beside ''hlūtjan''.^(DWB|12, 372)^(Wiktionary)

+ * 16th century – Luther writes of hearing the trumpets ''lauten''.^(DWB|12, 372)

+ * 1793 – Adelung still records the verb for the sound of voices and instruments.^(Adelung 1793)

+ * 19th century – Schiller, Jean Paul and Immermann still use it of bells.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|read]], to have a certain wording: ''Die Antwort lautete: „Morgen.“''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(elevated)'' To sound, come across in a certain way: ''Ihre Auskunft lautete wenig ermutigend.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # To have a certain content: ''auf etwas lauten'': ''Die Anklage lautet auf Betrug'';^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Paul 2002) ''auf jemandes Namen lauten'', of a document or account, to be in someone's name.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Paul 2002)

+ # ''(linguistics)'' To [[m|en|pronounce]] a word in a certain way.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(obsolete)'' To sound, ring.^(Wiktionary)^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[verlauten]]

+ * [[anlauten]]

+ * [[auslauten]]

+ * [[umlauten]]

+ * [[ablauten]]

+ * [[Lautung]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[laut]]

+ * [[läuten]]

+ * [[Leumund]]

+ * [[lauschen]]

+ * [[en|loud]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}