hier German · revision 35586

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=8th century, Old High German glosses|origins=gem-pro *hē₂r}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /hiːr/, [hiːɐ̯]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''hier'''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|hier]] beside the usual [[m|gmh|hie]], [[inh|goh|hiar]], [[inh|gem-pro|*hē₂r|t=here]].^(Kluge 2011|415)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(EWA|4, 1009) The same word is [[got|𐌷𐌴𐍂|tr=hēr]], [[non|hér]], [[ang|hēr]], [[ofs|hīr]] and [[osx|hēr]], and also [[nl|hier]], [[en|here]] and [[sv|här]].^(Kluge 2011|415)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kroonen 2013)

+

+ It is a locative formed with the suffix -r, as in [[her]] and [[m|gem-pro|*þar|t=there]], to the pronominal stem [[ine-pro|*ḱe-|t=this]] seen in [[heute]] and [[hin]].^(Kluge 2011|415)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kroonen 2013) The vowel is not explained: Kluge and Pfeifer start from [[m|ine-pro|*ḱēi-r]],^(Kluge 2011|415)^(Pfeifer 1993) while Kroonen reconstructs [[m|gem-pro|*hiar]] for North-West Germanic, from [[m|ine-pro|*ḱi-or]], comparing [[lt|šis|t=this]], and takes the Gothic vowel as an early merger with the second Germanic long e.^(Kroonen 2013) Dunkel has suggested, tentatively, a source in [[m|ine-pro|*ḱéh₁]], which is also behind [[grc|κῆ|tr=kê|t=there]] in Aeolic.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''hiar'', ''hier'', ''hia'' is recorded from the 8th century in glosses and then in Isidor, the ''Muspilli'', the ''Ludwigslied'', Tatian, Otfrid (more than 300 times) and Notker, meaning “here, in this place” and “on this occasion”, and glossing Latin ''hic'', ''huc'' and ''ecce''.^(EWA|4, 1009)^(AWB)^(Schützeichel 2012|151)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Middle High German the final -r regularly fell away after the long vowel, as in [[da]], so that the usual form was ''hie''.^(Paul 2002)^(Duden 7 2014|383)^(Pfeifer 1993) ''Hier'' was kept only before a word beginning with a vowel, as in ''hierinne''.^(Paul 2002)^(Duden 7 2014|383)^(Pfeifer 1993) ''Hie'' remained the more common form until the 16th century and is the only one in Luther, but from the later 16th century ''hier'' gained ground and since the 18th century it has prevailed in the standard language.^(DWB|10, 1313)^(Wiktionary) Wiktionary suggests that Middle Low German ''hīr'', which has no form without -r, may have helped.^(Wiktionary) ''Hie'' survives in southern Germany and Austria, in ''hie und da'' and, archaically, in [[hienieden]].^(Duden 7 2014|383) Goethe still rhymes it with ''wie'' in ''Faust''.^(Duden 7 2014|383)^(Paul 2002)

+

+ The word first pointed with a gesture to something at hand, then back to a place just named in a text, and then simply to the speaker's own place, opposed to [[dort]] and ''da''.^(Paul 2002) In religious language ''hier'' means “in this world”, as in Lessing's ''sie zeitlich hier, sie ewig dort zu retten''.^(Paul 2002) ''Wir bleiben hier!'' “we are staying here” was a slogan of the Leipzig demonstration of 18 September 1989.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 8th century – Old High German ''hiar'', ''hier'' appears in glosses.^(EWA|4, 1009)^(Kluge 2011|415)

+ * 9th century – Otfrid uses ''hiar'' more than 300 times.^(AWB)

+ * 16th century – ''hie'' is still the more common form, and Luther always writes it.^(DWB|10, 1313)

+ * Late 16th century – ''hier'' begins to spread again.^(Wiktionary)

+ * 18th century – ''hier'' prevails in the written language, though ''hie'' remains frequent until the early 18th century.^(DWB|10, 1313)^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # Here, in this place: where the speaker is, or a place pointed to: ''hier im Garten'', ''von hier aus''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # After a noun, pointing to something close: ''das Fahrrad hier'' “this bicycle here”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # At this point, in this matter or context: ''hier irrt der Autor''.^(Wiktionary)^(Paul 2002)

+ # Present: ''Meyer? – Hier!'' as an answer at a roll call.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''hier und da'': here and there, and also now and then.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ===Interjection===

+ # ''(colloquial)'' Look, listen: used to draw attention or to bring up a new subject, not as a greeting.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[hie]]

+ * [[hiesig]]

+ * [[hierbei]]

+ * [[hierfür]]

+ * [[hierher]]

+ * [[hiermit]]

+ * [[hiervon]]

+ * [[hierzulande]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[her]]

+ * [[heute]]

+ * [[heuer]]

+ * [[hin]]

+ * [[en|here]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Hie'' is dated in the standard language but still used in southern Germany and Austria.^(Duden 7 2014|383)^(Wahrig Herkunftswörterbuch) ''Hier und jetzt'' (or ''hier und heute'') “here and now” is a fixed phrase of the elevated style.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}