Schaden German · revision 35579

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=c. 765, Old High German glosses|origins=gem-pro *skaþô}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈʃaː.dən/, /ˈʃaː.dɛn/, /ˈʃaː.dn̩/^(Wiktionary)

+ * Germany: /ˈʃaː.dn̩/^(Wiktionary)

+ * Austria, Southern-Germany, Switzerland: [-d̥ɛn]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''Schaden''' ''m'' (genitive Schadens, plural Schäden)^(Wiktionary)

+ ''Schade'' is the older nominative and is still used in fixed phrases such as ''es soll dein Schade nicht sein''.^(Kluge 2011|792)^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|schade]], [[inh|goh|scado|t=harm, harmer]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*skaþō]], [[inh|gem-pro|*skaþô|t=damage]].^(Kluge 2011|792)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary) The same word is [[osx|skatho]], [[ofs|skatha]], [[ang|sceaþa|t=one who harms]] and [[non|skaði]], beside the neuter [[got|𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌸𐌹𐍃|tr=skaþis|t=wrongdoing]].^(Kluge 2011|792)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Orel 2003) It is an abstract noun to the strong verb seen in [[got|𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽|tr=skaþjan|t=to harm]] and [[m|ang|sceþþan]].^(Kluge 2011|792)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2014|724) Outside Germanic, Kluge compares at most [[grc|ἀσκηθής|tr=askēthḗs|t=unharmed]] and, further off in meaning, [[sga|scíth|t=weary]].^(Kluge 2011|792) Pfeifer allows a root *skēth- “to harm” if these belong here, and Wahrig says the connections cannot be confirmed.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wahrig Herkunftswörterbuch)

+

+ The -n of the modern nominative comes from the other cases of the old weak noun.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2014|724)^(Duden GWDS 1999) Used as a predicate, the noun also became the adjective [[schade]] “a pity”.^(Kluge 2011|792)^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''scado'' is recorded in glosses from about 765 and in Otfrid, Notker and the Strasbourg Oaths, meaning “evil, ruin, damage, punishment”, and also, as an agent noun, “one who harms, a robber”.^(Köbler AHD)^(Schützeichel 2012|284)^(Pfeifer 1993) Middle High German ''schade'' meant “harm, loss, disadvantage, ruin” and also “wound”.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Lexer 1872|2, 625)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Paul distinguishes damage to a thing (''Brandschaden'', ''Wasserschaden'' in Stieler), bodily injury, known since Middle High German (Luther's ''Schade vmb schade / Auge vmb auge''), and financial loss.^(Paul 2002) ''Schaden'' has been linked with ''Spott'' since Middle High German, in the proverb ''wer den Schaden hat, braucht für den Spott nicht zu sorgen'', and ''durch Schaden wird man klug'' is in Kramer.^(Paul 2002)^(Duden GWDS 1999) ''Schade sein'' “to be regrettable” developed in the 16th century from the predicative noun, and the adjective and interjection ''schade'' in the 18th.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ The compound [[Schadenfreude]] (16th century, recorded in 1591) is frequent in Goethe.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002) English took it as ''schadenfreude'' in 1852.^(LWP) The verb [[schaden]] is formed from the noun, and because this is no longer felt, [[schädigen]] often takes its place.^(Duden 7 2014|724) Czech, Slovak and Slovene borrowed the noun as ''škoda''.^(LWP)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 765 – Old High German ''scado'' appears in glosses.^(Köbler AHD)

+ * 8th century – The verb ''scadōn'' “to harm” is recorded.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 9th century – ''scadohaft'' “harmful”, the source of [[schadhaft]].^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 16th century – ''schade sein'' “to be a pity” and ''Schadenfreude'' appear.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 18th century – ''schade'' is used as an adjective and interjection.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * Late 18th century – ''Schadenersatz'' “compensation” is formed.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 19th century – [[Schädling]] “pest” is recorded.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # [[m|en|harm]], detriment: a change for the worse: ''Schaden anrichten'', ''davon hat er keinen Schaden''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # [[m|en|damage]], a defect: ''ein Schaden am Dach'', ''Schäden an der Karosserie''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # An injury: ''einen Schaden am Knie haben''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Paul 2002)

+ # A financial [[m|en|loss]]: ''den Schaden ersetzen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Paul 2002)

+ # ''(colloquial)'' A mental problem: ''Du hast doch einen Schaden!''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[schaden]]

+ * [[schade]]

+ * [[schädigen]]

+ * [[beschädigen]]

+ * [[entschädigen]]

+ * [[schadhaft]]

+ * [[schädlich]]

+ * [[schadlos]]

+ * [[Schädling]]

+ * [[Schadenfreude]]

+ * [[Schadenersatz]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[en|scathe]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Zu Schaden kommen'' “to be hurt, to suffer” and ''Schaden nehmen'' (elevated) are fixed phrases.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Paul 2002) ''Sich schadlos halten'' “to make up for one's loss at others' expense” dates from the 18th century; the older ''jemanden schadlos halten'' (16th century) meant “to protect from loss”.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}