bleiben German · revision 35574

+ {{infobox|confidence=probable|formation=inherited|attested=8th century, Old High German glosses|origins=ine-pro *leyp-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈblaɪ̯bən/, [ˈblaɪ̯bən], [ˈblaɪ̯bm̩]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''bleiben''' (class 1 strong, third-person singular present bleibt, past tense blieb, past participle geblieben, auxiliary sein)^(Wiktionary)

+ The prefix ''be-'' was increasingly shortened to ''b-'' from the 16th century, and the old participle ''blieben'' was still used into the 17th century.^(DWB2|5, 384)^(Paul 2002) Once the verb was felt as a simple word, it took the participle ''geblieben''.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|belīben]], [[inh|goh|bilīban]], [[inh|gem-pro|*bilībaną|t=to remain]], a verb formed with the prefix [[m|gem-pro|*bi-]] on a simple strong verb [[m|gem-pro|*lībaną]] that has been lost.^(Kluge 2011|131)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary) The same verb is [[ang|belīfan]], [[ofs|bilīva]], [[osx|bilīban]] and [[nl|blijven]]; [[non|blífa]] is a late borrowing, found only in Christian texts, and the Swedish and Danish verbs were also taken from German.^(Kluge 2011|131)^(DWB|2, 90) The only Gothic evidence is a single disputed form.^(Kluge 2011|131) The Duden notes that the prefix is no longer felt in modern German, because the vowel of the Middle High German prefix has been lost.^(Duden 7 2014|176)

+

+ The final consonant shows grammatical alternation, as [[got|𐌰𐍆𐌻𐌹𐍆𐌽𐌰𐌽|tr=aflifnan|t=to be left over]] proves, so the root must be [[ine-pro|*leip-]].^(Kluge 2011|131) A root of this shape means “to smear, stick”, and the verb can be understood as “to stay stuck, cling”: [[sa|लिम्पति|tr=limpáti|t=smears, anoints]], [[lt|lìpti|t=to stick]], [[cu|прилѣпити|tr=prilěpiti|t=to stick]] and [[txb|lip-|t=to be left over]], perhaps also [[grc|ἀλείφω|tr=aleíphō|t=I anoint]] beside [[m|grc|λίπος|tr=lípos|t=fat]].^(Kluge 2011|131)^(Pfeifer 1993) Pfeifer and the Duden trace it to an extension of the root of [[Leim]], “slimy, to smear”, and Pfeifer adds that the Germanic words for “to be left over” may instead belong to the root of [[elf]] and [[leihen]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2014|176) Kroonen finds the voiced final consonant of the Germanic root obscure and suggests the verb was derived from the stative [[gem-pro|*libēną|t=to live]].^(Kroonen 2013)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''bilīban'' is first recorded in glosses of the last quarter of the 8th century, then in Isidor, the Tatian, Otfrid and the ''Ludwigslied'', meaning “to stay, remain behind, be left over, stay away, cease, die”.^(Köbler AHD)^(Schützeichel 2012|199) The Old High German Isidor has ''dhazs ni bilibun ano herrun iudæoliudi'' “that the Jewish people did not remain without rulers”.^(DWB2|5, 384)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Paul notes that the verb first described the result of a process as well as continuing in a state, which is why its perfect is formed with ''sein''.^(Paul 2002) Middle High German ''belīben'' could mean “to be killed, stay on the battlefield”, a sense that Early New High German kept and that survives in regional northern German ''tot bleiben''.^(Köbler MHD)^(FWB)^(Duden GWDS 1999) Adelung, around 1800, found the sense “to continue to exist” rare in High German but frequent in the Bible, and it lives on in ''bleibend'' “lasting”.^(Adelung 1793)

+

+ The derivatives arose late: ''übrigbleiben'' in the 15th century, ''Überbleibsel'' in the 17th, ''Verbleib'' in the chancery language of the 18th, and [[Bleibe]] “a place to stay” around 1900, especially in the youth movement.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2007) ''Bleiben lassen'' “to refrain from” goes back to Middle High German ''belīben lāʒen''.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 8th century – Old High German ''bilīban'' appears in glosses and in the Isidor translation.^(Köbler AHD)^(DWB2|5, 384)

+ * 1060–1065 – Middle High German ''belīben'' is used by Williram of Ebersberg.^(Köbler MHD)

+ * 15th century – ''übrigbleiben'' is first recorded.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 16th century – ''beleiben'' gives way to the shortened ''bleiben''.^(DWB2|5, 384)^(DWB|2, 90)

+ * 17th century – The participle ''blieben'' is still in use, and ''Überbleibsel'' appears.^(DWB2|5, 384)^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 18th century – ''Verbleib'' arises in the chancery language.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * About 1900 – ''Bleibe'' “a place to stay” spreads in the youth movement.^(Duden 7 2007)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|stay]], remain in a place: ''Sie blieb drei Wochen in Wien.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To [[m|en|remain]] in a state, keep a quality: ''Das Geschäft bleibt montags geschlossen.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(with a dative)'' To be left to someone: ''Uns bleibt nur noch eine Stunde.''^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''bei etwas bleiben'': to stick to something, such as an opinion: ''Er bleibt bei seiner Aussage.''^(Wiktionary)^(Paul 2002)

+ # ''(with zu and an infinitive)'' To remain to be done: ''Es bleibt abzuwarten, ob das Wetter hält.''^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(regional, colloquial)'' ''tot bleiben'': to be killed.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Bleibe]]

+ * [[übrigbleiben]]

+ * [[verbleiben]]

+ * [[Überbleibsel]]

+ * [[Hinterbliebener]]

+ * [[abbleiben]]

+ * [[aufbleiben]]

+ * [[ausbleiben]]

+ * [[bleibend]]

+ * [[Bleiberecht]]

+ * [[dabeibleiben]]

+ * [[dableiben]]

+ * [[fortbleiben]]

+ * [[hinterbleiben]]

+ * [[unterbleiben]]

+ * [[Verbleib]]

+ * [[bleibenlassen]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[leben]]

+ * [[Leber]]

+ * [[Leim]]

+ * [[elf]]

+ * [[zwölf]]

+ * [[en|belive]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Hier ist meines Bleibens nicht'' “I cannot stay here” is an old turn with the genitive of the verbal noun, frequent from the 16th century and used by Goethe and Schiller.^(DWB|2, 95)^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}