jeder German · revision 35566

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=8th century|origins=gmw-pro *aiwin-gi-hweþera-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈjeːdɐ/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''jeder'''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|ieweder]], [[inh|goh|iowedar]], older [[m|goh|eohwedar]] and [[m|goh|eogiwedar]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*aiwin-gi-hweþera-|t=each of two]].^(Kluge 2011|455)^(Pfeifer 1993) The same compound is [[osx|eogihweðar]] and [[ang|ǣghwæþer]], contracted [[m|ang|ǣgþer]], which survives as [[en|either]].^(Kluge 2011|455)^(Pfeifer 1993) [[gml|īder]] belongs here too, and Pfeifer asks whether [[nl|ieder]] owes its form to German.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ The compound grew together from [[gem-pro|*aiwin|t=ever, always]], the ancestor of [[je]], and [[m|gmw-pro|*gihweþera|t=each of two]], which consists of the prefix [[ge-]] and the pronoun continued by [[weder]].^(Kluge 2011|455)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2014|415) That pronoun is [[goh|wedar|t=which of two]], [[m|osx|hweðar]], [[m|ang|hwæþer]], [[non|hvaðarr]] and [[got|𐍈𐌰𐌸𐌰𐍂|tr=ƕaþar]], and Pfeifer compares [[sa|कतर|tr=katará|t=which of two]], [[grc|πότερος|tr=póteros|t=which of two]], [[lt|katras|alt=katràs]], [[cu|которъ|tr=kotorŭ]] and [[ru|который|tr=kotóryj|t=which]].^(Pfeifer 1993) They continue [[ine-pro|*kʷóteros|alt=*ku̯otero-|t=which of two]], formed with the comparative suffix [[m|ine-pro|*-teros|alt=*-tero-]] on the interrogative stem.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Köbler AHD)

+

+ The whole therefore meant “both, each of the two”.^(Kluge 2011|455)^(Wahrig Herkunftswörterbuch) H. Kolb proposed instead an origin in the Middle High German phrase [[m|gmh|ie der|t=each time the]], which Paul mentions.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''iogihwedar'' is recorded in the 8th century and ''iowedar'' around 900, meaning “each of two”.^(Pfeifer 1993) Notker uses ''ioweder'', ''êohwedar'' often, also in the sense “either one of two”.^(Schützeichel 2012|166)^(DWB|10, 2285)^(Köbler AHD)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In Middle High German the meaning widened from “each of the two” to “each one of all”.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kluge 2011|455) The Grimms' dictionary dates the contraction of ''ieweder'' to ''ieder'' to the 14th century, when the dual sense faded and the word came to mean the same as [[jeglich]].^(DWB|10, 2285) The stem's final ''-er'' was then taken for an inflectional ending, as in ''guter'', and the modern inflection arose.^(Paul 2002) Remains of the older one survived into the 17th century, as in Opitz's ''ein iedrer''.^(DWB|10, 2285)

+

+ The spelling with ''i-'' lasted until the early 18th century;^(Paul 2002) Schottelius already wrote only ''jeder''.^(Paul 2002) A plural does not fit the sense, but it occurs under the influence of [[all]], as in Lessing's ''alle und jede Richter''.^(Paul 2002) Compounds grew from fixed phrases: [[jedermann]] in the 14th century from ''ieder'' and ''man'', ''jedesmal'' in the 17th century and [[jedenfalls]] around 1700.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002)^(Duden 7 2014|415)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 8th century – Old High German ''iogihwedar'' “each of two” is recorded.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kluge 2011|455)

+ * c. 900 – The shorter ''iowedar'' appears.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 14th century – ''ieweder'' is contracted to ''ieder'', and the sense “each of two” fades.^(DWB|10, 2285)

+ * 14th century – [[jedermann]] is formed.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002)

+ * 17th century – ''jedesmal'' appears.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * c. 1700 – [[jedenfalls]] is formed.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Pronoun===

+ # [[m|en|each]], [[m|en|every]]: every single one of a whole, without exception, used before a noun or standing alone: ''jeder dritte Besucher'', ''jeder von euch''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(regional)'' In the neuter, standing alone: all of them, each: ''die Brüder haben jedes zwei Autos''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # With abstract nouns: any at all, any conceivable: ''ohne jeden Zweifel''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # With expressions of time or measure: every, at intervals of: ''jede halbe Stunde''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[jedermann]]

+ * [[jederzeit]]

+ * [[jedenfalls]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[je]]

+ * [[weder]]

+ * [[en|either]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ Unlike [[alle]], which sums up a whole, ''jeder'' takes its members one by one.^(Duden 7 2014|415)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}