Stadt German · revision 35554

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=8th century, Old High German glosses|origins=ine-pro *steh₂-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ʃtat/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''Stadt''' ''f'' (genitive Stadt, plural Städte, diminutive Städtchen n or Städtlein n)^(Wiktionary)

+ The spelling ''stadt'' appears at the beginning of the 16th century, in Alberus and in documents of 1507, but a clear spelling distinction from ''Statt'' was made only in the 18th century.^(DWB|17, 420)^(Pfeifer 1993) Adelung already saw the ''dt'' as a purely orthographic device.^(DWB|17, 420)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|stat]], [[inh|goh|stat|t=place, site]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*stadi]], [[inh|gem-pro|*stadiz|t=place]].^(Kluge 2011|874)^(Kroonen 2013)^(Wiktionary) The same word is [[osx|stedi]], [[ang|stede]], [[got|𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌸𐍃|tr=staþs]] and [[non|staðr]], the last three masculine; [[en|stead]] continues it.^(Kluge 2011|874)^(Kroonen 2013) It is a concrete noun formed with a ti-suffix from the root of [[stehen]], [[ine-pro|*steh₂-|t=to stand]], parallel to [[grc|στάσις|tr=stásis|t=position]], so that it first meant “a standing, a stand”.^(Kluge 2011|874)^(Wiktionary) Kroonen and Wiktionary reconstruct the noun as [[m|ine-pro|*stéh₂tis]].^(Kroonen 2013)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ [[statt|alt=Statt]] and [[Stätte]] are the same word, the latter formed back from the plural; the prepositions statt and [[anstatt]] come from the dative singular.^(EWA|8, 1004)^(Kluge 2011|874) The sense “town” took over the place of the older word [[Burg]]: Kluge dates the change to after 1200, Pfeifer and Duden to the 12th century.^(Kluge 2011|874)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|810)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''stat'' is found from the 8th century, in the Abrogans and other glosses, in Isidor, the Tatian, Otfrid and Notker, meaning “place, spot, dwelling, region”, and only sometimes “town”, for Latin ''locus'', ''sedes'', ''habitatio'' and ''civitas''.^(EWA|8, 1004)^(Schützeichel 2012|311) The usual Old High German word for “town” was ''burg'', which translated ''civitas'' and ''urbs''.^(EWA|2, 457)^(Schützeichel 2012|65)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ From “place” the word early came to mean “dwelling, settlement”, the sense in old place names in ''-stadt'', ''-statt'', ''-städt(en)'' and ''-stett(en)''.^(Duden 7 2020|810) In the 12th century it became the name of the medieval legal [[m|en|town]], which had market rights, its own administration and free citizens.^(Duden 7 2020|810)^(Pfeifer 1993) Paul sees the start in phrases with a place name such as ''diu stat ze Babenberc'' “the town at Bamberg”, and the frequent pairing ''burg und stat'' helped the change.^(Paul 2002)^(DWB|17, 420)

+

+ Luther used it for Jerusalem and Babylon, and the town came to be set against the village and the country, as in the old pairing ''in der stat und auf dem lant''.^(Paul 2002) By metonymy it also means the inhabitants (''die ganze Stadt weiß es'', Adelung) and the town administration.^(Paul 2002)^(Duden GWDS 1999) Derivatives are [[Städter]] (Middle High German ''steter''), which unlike [[Bürger]] has no political meaning, [[städtisch]] (15th century) and [[verstädtern]] (19th century).^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|810)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 8th century – Old High German ''stat'' “place” appears in glosses.^(Kluge 2011|874)^(EWA|8, 1004)

+ * 12th century – Middle High German ''stat'' becomes the name of the chartered town.^(Duden 7 2020|810)^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 13th century – According to Kluge, the modern sense is established.^(Kluge 2011|874)

+ * 15th century – First record of ''städtisch''.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 1507 – The spelling ''stadt'' appears in documents of Obermoschel.^(DWB|17, 420)

+ * 18th century – ''Stadt'' and ''Statt'' are consistently distinguished in spelling.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020|810)

+ * 19th century – ''verstädtern'' “to become urban” appears.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # A [[m|en|town]] or [[m|en|city]]: a large, compact [[m|en|settlement]] with its own rights, the administrative, economic and cultural centre of an area: ''Sie lebt seit Jahren in einer kleinen Stadt an der Mosel.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # The inhabitants of a town: ''Die halbe Stadt war auf dem Marktplatz.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # The town [[m|en|administration]] or council: ''Ihr Vater arbeitet bei der Stadt.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # The town centre, the shopping district: ''Wir fahren morgen in die Stadt.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Städter]]

+ * [[städtisch]]

+ * [[verstädtern]]

+ * [[Großstadt]]

+ * [[Kleinstadt]]

+ * [[Hauptstadt]]

+ * [[Hansestadt]]

+ * [[Innenstadt]]

+ * [[Hafenstadt]]

+ * [[Kreisstadt]]

+ * [[Grenzstadt]]

+ * [[Schlafstadt]]

+ * [[Bundesstadt]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[Stätte]]

+ * [[statt]]

+ * [[anstatt]]

+ * [[stehen]]

+ * [[Burg]]

+ * [[en|stead]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Die Ewige Stadt'' is Rome (probably after Tibullus), ''die Heilige Stadt'' Jerusalem and ''die Goldene Stadt'' Prague.^(Duden GWDS 1999) In place names such as Eichstett the ending ''-stett'' is the old locative or dative.^(DWB|17, 420)^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}