einsetzen German · revision 35542

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 830, Old High German Tatian|origins=ine-pro *sod-éye-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈʔaɪ̯nzɛtsn̩/, /ˈʔaɪ̯nzɛtsən/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''einsetzen''' (third-person singular present setzt ein, past tense setzte ein, past participle eingesetzt, auxiliary haben)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|īnsetzen]], [[inh|goh|insezzen|t=to put in, place beside]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*insattjan]], formed from [[ein-]] and [[setzen]].^(Wiktionary)^(Wiktionary DE)^(Köbler MHD)^(Köbler AHD) The same compound is [[nl|inzetten]], [[sv|insätta]] and [[da|indsætte]],^(DWB|3, 292) and it can be compared with [[en|inset]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ The base verb is [[goh|sezzen]], [[gem-pro|*satjaną|t=to set]], the same word as [[got|𐍃𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽|tr=satjan]], [[non|setja]], [[ang|settan]] (now [[en|set]]) and [[osx|settian]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kroonen 2013) It is the causative of [[sitzen]], “to make sit”, from [[ine-pro|*sod-éye-]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kroonen 2013) Pfeifer compares the causatives [[sa|सादयति|tr=sādáyati|t=makes sit down]], [[cu|садити|tr=saditi|t=to set, plant]] and [[lt|sodinti|alt=sodìnti|t=to set, plant]], made from the same root.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''insezzen'' is recorded in the Tatian (about 830), the Otfrid glosses and other glosses, meaning “to place beside, lay in, put in, install”.^(Köbler AHD)^(Schützeichel 2012|278) Middle High German ''īnsetzen'' appears in Gottfried's ''Tristan'' (about 1210) and in charters from 1251.^(Köbler MHD)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The Grimms' dictionary shows the verb used of setting a king on the throne or a priest or judge in office, as in Luther's Bible, and of putting someone in possession of land, which it explains by the old custom of taking possession by actually sitting on the ground; from this come ''zum Erben einsetzen'' “to appoint as heir” and the putting of a creditor into a debtor's goods.^(DWB|3, 292) The Early New High German dictionary also records the senses “to pledge”, “to found, institute” and “to use for a purpose”.^(FWB)

+

+ Early New High German also used ''einsetzen'' for “to put in prison”, as in Luther's Acts 4:3, and Schiller still wrote ''gefangen eingesetzt''.^(Paul 2002)^(DWB|3, 292) The sense “to give as a pledge” has gone out of use (Goethe still has it), but the stake in a game survived, and with it the figurative ''seine Ehre einsetzen'' and the reflexive ''sich einsetzen für'' “to work hard for”.^(Paul 2002) The intransitive sense, of a voice or instrument that comes in, is also recorded by Paul.^(Paul 2002) The military use, ''Truppen einsetzen'', replaced older ''ansetzen'' from 1893, at first intransitively; it then spread with the noun [[Einsatz]] into civilian language and was used very widely under National Socialism.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 830 – Old High German ''insezzen'' in the Tatian.^(Köbler AHD)

+ * c. 1210 – Middle High German ''īnsetzen'' in Gottfried's ''Tristan''.^(Köbler MHD)

+ * 1251 – First record in a Middle High German charter.^(Köbler MHD)

+ * 1893 – First record of the military sense, still intransitive (Rosegger).^(Paul 2002)

+ * First World War – ''Einsatz'' is used of the deployment of troops.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To put in, [[m|en|insert]], fit as a part: ''ein neues Schloss in die Tür einsetzen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary) Also to plant, or to put fish into a pond: ''Forellen in den Teich einsetzen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(transport)'' To run in addition: ''zusätzliche Busse einsetzen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # To [[m|en|appoint]], set up: ''Der Stadtrat setzte eine Arbeitsgruppe ein.'' ''jemanden zum Erben einsetzen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # To [[m|en|deploy]], use for a task: ''Die Feuerwehr setzte Drohnen ein.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To install in an office or position: ''jemanden in sein Amt einsetzen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # To [[m|en|stake]] as a bet, or to [[m|en|risk]]: ''zehn Euro einsetzen'', ''sein Leben einsetzen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(reflexive)'' To exert oneself, to stand up for someone or something: ''Sie setzt sich für bessere Radwege ein.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(intransitive)'' To begin, set in: ''Am Nachmittag setzte Regen ein.''^(Wiktionary)^(Paul 2002)^(Wiktionary DE)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Einsatz]]

+ * [[einsetzbar]]

+ * [[Einsetzung]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[setzen]]

+ * [[sitzen]]

+ * [[en|inset]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}