rufen German · revision 35531

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=late 8th century, Old High German Isidor|origins=gem-pro *hrōpaną}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈʁuːfən/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''rufen''' (class 7 strong, third-person singular present ruft, past tense rief, past participle gerufen, auxiliary haben)^(Wiktionary)

+ It was a reduplicating strong verb, whence the preterite ''rief''.^(Paul 2002)^(Pfeifer 1993) Weak forms were also used: ''rufte'' was still common in the 18th century, in Klopstock, Goethe, Schiller and Voss.^(Paul 2002) The present has no umlaut (''er ruft'', formerly also ''rüft''), as is regular in Upper German before a labial.^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|ruofen]], [[inh|goh|ruofan|alt=(h)ruofan]], [[inh|gmw-pro|*hrōpan]], [[inh|gem-pro|*hrōpaną|t=to cry out, call]].^(Kluge 2011|776)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary) The strong verb is also [[osx|hrōpan]], [[ang|hrōpan]] and [[ofs|hrōpa]], continued in [[nl|roepen]];^(Kluge 2011|776)^(Pfeifer 1993) Gothic and Old Norse have it only in the nouns [[got|𐌷𐍂𐍉𐍀𐍃|tr=hrōps|t=cry]] and [[non|hróp|t=slander]].^(Kluge 2011|776)^(Pfeifer 1993) Beside it stood a weak verb, [[got|𐌷𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌾𐌰𐌽|tr=hrōpjan|t=to cry out]], [[m|non|hrœpa]], Old High German [[m|goh|ruofen]] and Middle High German [[m|gmh|rüefen]], continued in [[sv|ropa]].^(Kluge 2011|776)^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ Kluge finds no comparable word outside Germanic and suggests a connection with [[Ruhm]].^(Kluge 2011|776) Pfeifer and Duden think it is probably imitative, from an extended form of a sound root [[ine-pro|*kar-|t=to praise loudly]], which would also give [[grc|κῆρυξ|tr=kḗrux|t=herald]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020) Köbler connects it with a root for croaking and crowing.^(Köbler AHD)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''ruofan'' is recorded from the end of the 8th century, in Isidor and the glosses, and then in the Monsee fragments, the Tatian and Otfrid, with the senses “to call out, cry, call upon, speak, say, pray”.^(EWA)^(Köbler AHD)^(Schützeichel 2012|267) The EWA notes that in the literary texts the strong verb is found only in Franconian, while Upper German has only the weak ''ruofen''.^(EWA)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Middle High German ''rüefen'' could also mean “to summon to a court hearing” and “to proclaim”.^(Köbler MHD) Paul distinguishes raising the voice, also of animals (''der Kuckuck ruft''), from calling someone to come; in the second use the person called was originally in the dative, still common in the 18th century (Goethe's ''Wer ruft mir?'' in ''Faust''), but the accusative has since replaced it.^(Paul 2002) The dative survives in colloquial Swiss and southwestern German.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ Luther's ''zu Gott rufen'' “to call upon God” is followed in religious language.^(Paul 2002) The sense “to telephone” is recorded in 1925, and is now usually expressed by [[anrufen]].^(Paul 2002) In Swiss usage ''rufen'' can also mean “to cause, bring about”.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Late 8th century – Old High German ''ruofan'' in Isidor.^(Köbler AHD)^(EWA)

+ * c. 830 – The strong verb in the Tatian.^(Köbler AHD)

+ * 18th century – The weak preterite ''rufte'' is still in literary use.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 1925 – Sense “to telephone”.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|call]] out, [[m|en|shout]]; of birds and animals, to cry or call.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(reflexive)'' To get into a state by shouting: ''sich heiser rufen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # To shout, call out (words): ''„Halt!“, rief der Wächter.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To call for (with ''nach''): ''nach dem Kellner rufen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To call, [[m|en|summon]] someone where they are needed: ''einen Krankenwagen rufen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To call to, summon to (with ''zu''): ''zur Ordnung rufen''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(dated)'' To call by a certain name.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To call up, contact by telephone or radio.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+ # ''(Switzerland)'' To cause, bring about.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[berufen]]

+ * [[widerrufen]]

+ * [[verrufen]]

+ * [[abrufen]]

+ * [[anrufen]]

+ * [[aufrufen]]

+ * [[ausrufen]]

+ * [[hervorrufen]]

+ * [[wachrufen]]

+ * [[zurückrufen]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[Ruf]]

+ * [[Gerücht]]

+ * [[berüchtigt]]

+ * [[anrüchig]]

+ * [[ruchbar]]

+ * [[Ruhm]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}