Bund German · revision 35518

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=inherited|attested=11th century|origins=ine-pro *bʰendʰ-}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /bʊnt/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''Bund''' ''m'' (genitive Bundes or Bunds, plural Bünde)^(Wiktionary)

+ In the sense “bunch” it is neuter (das Bund, plural Bunde) in Germany and Switzerland and masculine in Austria.^(Wiktionary)

+ After a numeral the neuter keeps the singular: ''drei Bund Radieschen''.^(Adelung 1793|1, 1255)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|bunt]], a noun of the zero grade of [[binden]], first meaning “something bound” or “something that binds”.^(Kluge 2011|162)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden GWDS 1999) The word is limited to German and Dutch: [[gml|bunt]], [[dum|bont]], [[nl|bond]].^(Kluge 2011|162)^(Duden 7 2020)^(Pfeifer 1993) Related formations are [[goh|gibunt|t=bundle]] and [[got|𐌲𐌰𐌱𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌹|tr=gabundi|t=a bond, tie]]; the Grimms' dictionary notes that Gothic and Old High German have only these, not the simple noun.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(DWB|2, 516)

+

+ The verb is [[gem-pro|*bindaną|t=to bind]], the same as [[en|bind]], from [[ine-pro|*bʰendʰ-|t=to bind]], also found in [[sa|बध्नाति|tr=badhnā́ti|t=binds]].^(Kluge 2011|124)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Kluge dates the noun to the 11th century.^(Kluge 2011|162) The Old High German collective ''gibunt'' “bundle” is found in a gloss.^(Köbler AHD)^(Pfeifer 1993) In early Middle High German it could mean a bandage: Hartmann von Aue (about 1180) writes that no physician's ''bunt'' would help him.^(DWB2|5, 988)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Early New High German used it for a cloth wound round the head, a turban, for a band or fetter, an obligation, and an agreement between persons or institutions, an alliance.^(FWB)^(Paul 2002) Luther's Bible made it the word for the covenant between God and his people, interpreting [[grc|διαθήκη|tr=diathḗkē|t=disposition, testament; covenant]]; hence ''der Alte Bund'' and ''der Neue Bund'' for the Old and New Testament.^(Kluge 2011|162)^(DWB2|5, 988)^(Paul 2002) It could also mean a conspiracy, as when Jehu made a ''Bund'' against Joram (2 Kings 9:14).^(Paul 2002) The [[Bundschuh]], the laced shoe of the common man, became the banner of rebelling peasants and in the 15th century came to mean the revolt itself.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2020)

+

+ The friendship cult of the 18th century revived the word; since then the masculine was used for what binds (an alliance, a marriage, a league) and the neuter for what is bound (a bunch of straw, a bunch of keys).^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002) In politics it named alliances of states such as the German Confederation, and then the federal state as against its member states; since 1949 ''Bundes-'' has replaced ''Reichs-'' in [[Bundeskanzler]], [[Bundesland]], [[Bundesregierung]] and [[Bundeswehr]].^(Paul 2002)^(Kluge 2011|162) In soldiers' slang ''Bund'' became short for the Bundeswehr, recorded from 1978.^(DWB2|5, 994)

+

+ Craft senses include the waistband of a skirt or trousers, the cords on which a book is sewn, and the frets on the fingerboard of plucked instruments.^(Paul 2002)^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Duden 7 2020) The word was borrowed into Polish ([[m|pl|bunt]]) and Russian ([[m|ru|бунт|tr=bunt]]).^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 11th century – First record of the noun.^(Kluge 2011|162)

+ * c. 1180 – Hartmann von Aue uses ''bunt'' for a bandage.^(DWB2|5, 988)

+ * 15th century – ''Bundschuh'' comes to mean a peasants' revolt.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 16th century – Luther's Bible uses ''Bund'' for the covenant.^(Kluge 2011|162)^(Paul 2002)

+ * 18th century – Masculine and neuter begin to be distinguished by meaning.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002)

+ * 1949 – ''Bundes-'' replaces ''Reichs-'' in the names of German federal institutions.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 1978 – ''Bund'' “Bundeswehr” is recorded in soldiers' slang.^(DWB2|5, 994)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Noun===

+ # An [[m|en|alliance]], union or [[m|en|league]] of people or states for a common purpose.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(Christianity)'' A [[m|en|covenant]];^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary) ''der Alte Bund'' and ''der Neue Bund'' are the Old and New Testament.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # The [[m|en|federal]] state as opposed to its constituent states, in Germany, Austria and Switzerland.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(colloquial)'' Short for [[Bundeswehr]]: the German armed forces, or military service in them.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # The [[m|en|waistband]] of a skirt or trousers.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(music)'' A [[m|en|fret]] on the fingerboard of a plucked instrument.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # (neuter; masculine in Austria) A [[m|en|bunch]] or bundle: ''ein Bund Petersilie''.^(Wiktionary)^(Wiktionary DE)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Bündel]]

+ * [[bündeln]]

+ * [[bündig]]

+ * [[Bündnis]]

+ * [[Bundschuh]]

+ * [[verbünden]]

+ * [[Bundeswehr]]

+ * [[Bundesrepublik]]

+ * [[Ausbund]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[binden]]

+ * [[Band]]

+ * [[Binde]]

+

+ ==Usage notes==

+ ''Den Bund fürs Leben schließen'' (“to make the bond for life”) is to marry.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Paul 2002) ''Der Dritte im Bunde'' (“the third in the league”) comes from Schiller's ballad ''Die Bürgschaft''.^(Duden GWDS 1999) ''Mit dem Teufel im Bunde stehen'' is to be in league with the devil.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}