verletzen German · revision 35510

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=1235–1240, Rudolf von Ems|origins=gem-pro *lataz}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /fɛɐ̯ˈlɛt͡sn̩/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''verletzen''' (third-person singular present verletzt, past tense verletzte, past participle verletzt, auxiliary haben)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|verletzen]], [[af|gmh|ver-|letzen|t2=to hinder, damage]].^(Kluge 2011|954)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary) The simple verb survives only as the obsolete [[letzen]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Kluge 2011|573) It is [[goh|lezzen|t=to hold back, hinder, delay]], the same word as [[osx|lettian]], [[ang|lettan]], [[non|letja]], [[ofs|letta]] and [[got|𐌻𐌰𐍄𐌾𐌰𐌽|tr=latjan|t=to tarry]], from [[gem-pro|*latjaną|t=to make slow, hinder]].^(Kluge 2011|954)^(EWA|5, 1222)^(Wiktionary) That verb is a factitive of [[gem-pro|*lataz|t=slow, lazy]], the adjective continued in [[lass]].^(Kluge 2011|954)^(Wiktionary)^(EWA|5, 1222)

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+ Kluge notes that the present meaning developed only in the history of German.^(Kluge 2011|954) The Grimms' dictionary finds the prefixed verb only in Middle and New High German and in Middle Low German.^(DWB|25, 779)

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+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Middle High German ''verletzen'' “to wound, damage” is first recorded in Rudolf von Ems's ''Willehalm von Orlens'' (1235–1240).^(Köbler MHD) Old High German already had the prefixed ''gilezzen'', in glosses and in Otfrid, with the senses “to hold back” and also “to injure, damage”.^(EWA|5, 1222)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Old High German ''lezzen'' meant “to hold back, hinder, delay”, and Middle High German ''letzen'' “to hinder, stop, end”, reflexively “to refresh oneself”.^(EWA|5, 1222) According to the Grimms' dictionary, the oldest sense of the simple verb was “to set back, push aside”, and of its three Middle High German senses New High German ''letzen'' kept only the first and the one taken from ''Letze'' “farewell feast”, “to regale”.^(DWB|25, 779)

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+ In the prefixed verb Paul distinguishes a concrete use, “to wound visibly”, as in Luther's Bible (Exodus 21:22), applied in the 17th century to damaging things, from transferred uses: “to break” a vow or a rule, as in Schiller's ''Die Räuber'', and “to hurt someone's self-esteem”, close to [[kränken]] but meant of a single moment.^(Paul 2002) The noun [[Verletzung]] dates from the 15th century.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * Late 8th century – Old High German ''lezzen'' “to hinder” in glosses.^(EWA|5, 1222)

+ * 1235–1240 – ''verletzen'' in Rudolf von Ems's ''Willehalm von Orlens''.^(Köbler MHD)

+ * 15th century – First record of ''Verletzung''.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 1561 – Maaler's dictionary pairs ''verletzen'' with ''beleidigen'' “to offend”.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 17th century – Used of damaging things, such as stones.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|injure]], [[m|en|hurt]] a part of the body; reflexive: to hurt oneself: ''Er hat sich beim Fußball am Knie verletzt.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To hurt someone's feelings, to [[m|en|offend]]: ''Ihr Spott hat ihn tief verletzt.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To [[m|en|violate]] a law, rule or agreement.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # To intrude illegally across a border or into a country's airspace.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Verletzung]]

+ * [[verletzbar]]

+ * [[verletzend]]

+ * [[verletzlich]]

+ * [[verletzt]]

+ * [[Verletzter]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[letzen]]

+ * [[lass]]

+ * [[Letzt]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}