enthalten German · revision 35497

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=c. 1120/30, Reimphysiologus|origins=gem-pro *haldaną}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * [ʔɛntˈhal.tn̩], [ʔɛntˈhal.tən]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''enthalten''' (class 7 strong, third-person singular present enthält, past tense enthielt, past participle enthalten, auxiliary haben)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|enthalten]], formed [[af|gmh|ent-|halten]].^(Wiktionary)^(DWB2|8, 1412)^(Köbler MHD) Old High German has no example.^(DWB|3, 549) The same formation is [[gml|enthōlden]] and [[nl|onthouden]].^(DWB2|8, 1412)^(Wiktionary) Wiktionary suggests that [[innehalten]] and [[einhalten]] “to hold inside” influenced it, which is clearest in the sense “to contain” (compare [[Inhalt]]); Adelung also took the prefix in this sense to come from the preposition [[in]].^(Wiktionary)^(Adelung 1793) Paul starts instead from “to hold up, support”, with the prefix in its old sense, and the DWB2 finds the link between the senses partly unclear.^(Paul 2002)^(DWB2|8, 1412)

+

+ The verb [[halten]] is [[goh|haltan]], from [[gem-pro|*haldaną|t=to hold, herd]], also [[got|𐌷𐌰𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌽|tr=haldan|t=to herd]], [[ang|healdan]] and [[non|halda]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(EWA|4, 785) Pfeifer connects it with [[ine-pro|*kel-|t=to drive]], assuming a first sense “to herd cattle”, while Seebold prefers a root meaning “to turn”; neither is certain.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Middle High German ''enthalten'' appears in the first third of the 12th century (Frau Ava's ''Leben Jesu'') and in the ''Reimphysiologus'' (about 1120/30), where the wise man keeps his senses from too much wine.^(Köbler MHD)^(DWB2|8, 1412) Its early senses were “to stop, stand still”, “to hold back”, “to give lodging” and “to keep, protect”.^(Köbler MHD)^(DWB|3, 549)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ Early New High German had a wide range of senses: “to keep away from”, “to stay, dwell somewhere”, “to shelter, protect”, “to keep prisoner” and “to contain”.^(FWB)^(DWB|3, 549) Luther uses the reflexive ''sich enthalten'' “to stay, dwell” several times in the Bible, and it still occurs in Wieland and Goethe.^(Paul 2002)^(Adelung 1793|1, 1824) In the 19th and 20th centuries the senses narrowed to two: “to contain” and reflexive “to abstain from”.^(DWB2|8, 1412) The second, partly modelled on Latin [[m|la|abstineō]], is now formal, and ''sich der Stimme enthalten'' is to abstain in a vote.^(DWB2|8, 1412)^(Paul 2002)^(Duden GWDS 1999) From it come ''enthaltsam'' “abstinent” and ''Enthaltsamkeit'' in the 18th century.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * c. 1120/30 – First record, in the ''Reimphysiologus''.^(DWB2|8, 1412)

+ * 16th century – Luther uses ''sich enthalten'' for “to dwell”.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 18th century – ''enthaltsam'' and ''Enthaltsamkeit'' are formed.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 19th–20th century – The senses narrow to “contain” and “abstain”.^(DWB2|8, 1412)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|contain]], include or hold: ''Die Kanne enthält zwei Liter Tee.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(reflexive, formal)'' To [[m|en|abstain]] from something, with the genitive: ''sich des Rauchens enthalten''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(reflexive)'' To abstain in a vote;^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary) ''sich der Stimme enthalten''.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ===Adjective===

+ # Contained, [[m|en|included]]: ''Die Steuer ist im Preis enthalten.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Word family==

+ * [[enthaltsam]]

+ * [[Enthaltsamkeit]]

+ * [[Enthaltung]]

+ * [[vorenthalten]]

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[halten]]

+ * [[Inhalt]]

+ * [[Aufenthalt]]

+ * [[en|hold]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}