durchaus German · revision 35484

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=compound|attested=14th century}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /dʊrçˈaʊ̯s/, /ˈdʊrç.aʊ̯s/, [dʊʁçˈʔaʊ̯s]^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''durchaus'''^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[af|de|durch|aus]], recorded from the 14th century, and first meant “through and out”, then “completely”.^(Kluge 2011|223)^(Pfeifer 1993) Wiktionary traces it to the late medieval phrase [[gmh|durch ūȥ|t=entirely through, all the way]];^(Wiktionary) Köbler lists the adverb [[m|gmh|durchūz|t=entirely, as a whole]].^(Köbler MHD) The Grimms' dictionary, on the other hand, thought the compound arose only in the 16th century.^(DWB|2, 1583) Compare [[en|throughout]] and [[yi|דורכויס|tr=durkhoys]].^(Wiktionary)

+

+ Its first part, [[durch]], is [[m|goh|duruh]], from [[gem-pro|*þurh]], which stands in ablaut with [[got|𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷|tr=þairh|t=through]]; outside Germanic it is related to [[la|trāns|t=across, beyond]] and goes back to [[ine-pro|*ter-|t=to cross over, pass through]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2007)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ In Early New High German ''durchaus'' was an adverb of space, “all the way through, the whole length or breadth”, and also “everywhere, all over”.^(FWB)^(Pfeifer 1993) Paul quotes Luther, who says of a house that its length was ''durchaus'' a hundred ells, that is, as a whole.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The spatial sense, used from the 14th to the 17th century, gave “from beginning to end, always” and “wholly, entirely, in every respect”, which Pfeifer and Paul date to the 15th century;^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002)^(FWB) Duden places this figurative use only in the 18th century.^(Duden 7 2007) Goethe's Faust says he has studied philosophy, law and medicine ''durchaus'', that is, thoroughly.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ With a verb of wishing it came to mean “at all costs, insisting despite objections” (''er will es durchaus haben''), and ''durchaus nicht'' means “not at all”.^(Paul 2002)^(Duden GWDS 1999) The stress was originally on ''-aus'', but it is now often drawn back to ''durch'', a result of stressing both parts emphatically.^(Paul 2002)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 14th century – ''durchaus'' is first recorded.^(Kluge 2011|223)

+ * 14th–17th century – Used as an adverb of space, “all the way through”.^(Pfeifer 1993)

+ * 15th century – First record of the sense “completely, in every respect”.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002)

+ * 16th century – The Grimms' dictionary finds its first records of the compound.^(DWB|2, 1583)

+ * 18th century – Duden's date for the figurative sense “entirely, absolutely”.^(Duden 7 2007)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Adverb===

+ # At all costs, [[m|en|absolutely]], insisting on something: ''Sie wollte durchaus mitfahren.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # [[m|en|entirely|alt=Entirely]], quite, [[m|en|certainly]]: ''Das ist durchaus möglich.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''durchaus nicht'': not at all, by no means.^(Duden GWDS 1999)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[durch]]

+ * [[aus]]

+ * [[durchweg]]

+ * [[en|throughout]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}