kritisieren German · revision 35476

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=borrowing|attested=17th century|origins=grc κρίνω}}

+

+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /kʁitiˈziːʁən/^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Forms==

+ '''kritisieren''' (third-person singular present kritisiert, past tense kritisierte, past participle kritisiert, auxiliary haben)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[bor|fr|critiquer|t=to criticize]], recorded from the 17th century, but with the German verb suffix [[-isieren]] in place of a French ending.^(Duden 7 2007)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Wiktionary) The Grimms' dictionary notes that the sibilant is unexpected and quotes Klopstock, who thought the verb should have kept the velar consonant of the French word; the form was probably modelled on the adjective [[kritisch]].^(DWB|11, 2337)

+

+ The French verb belongs to [[m|fr|critique|t=criticism; critic]], from [[la|criticus|t=critic]], from [[grc|κριτικός|tr=kritikós|t=able to judge, decisive]], derived from [[m|grc|κρίνω|tr=krínō|t=to separate, decide, judge]].^(Kluge 2011|543)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2007) Duden places the Greek verb in the large family of [[ine-pro|*(s)ker-|t=to cut]].^(Duden 7 2007)

+

+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Pfeifer and Duden date the verb to the 17th century, with the senses “to judge” and “to find fault with”.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2007) Schmotther's dictionary of 1726 already lists ''critisiren'' as “to examine, to censure”.^(DWB|11, 2337)

+

+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ The verb grew up beside [[Kritik]], taken from French in the late 17th century as a term of aesthetic judgement, and [[Kritiker]], which in the 18th century replaced the older Latin ''Criticus''.^(Pfeifer 1993) Early New High German also has an isolated ''kritisieren'' “to be in a crisis”, linked to the medical sense of [[kritisch]] (the decisive days of an illness).^(FWB)^(Pfeifer 1993)

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+ Today the verb has two uses: the reviewer's assessment of a book or performance, and the everyday sense of disapproving of someone or something and saying so.^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE) The Loanwords in Polish and other languages database lists [[nl|kritiseren]], recorded in 1698, among words taken from German.^(LWP)

+

+ ==Timeline==

+ * 17th century – ''kritisieren'' is formed after French ''critiquer''.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2007)

+ * 1698 – Dutch ''kritiseren'' is recorded.^(LWP)

+ * 1726 – Schmotther's dictionary lists ''critisiren'' “to examine, to censure”.^(DWB|11, 2337)

+

+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|review]] and assess something as a critic, such as a book, a play or a concert: ''Sie kritisierte die neue Inszenierung sehr wohlwollend.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # To [[m|en|criticize]], [[m|en|censure]]: to disapprove of a person or their conduct and say so: ''Die Opposition kritisierte den Haushaltsplan scharf.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Related words==

+ * [[Kritik]]

+ * [[Kritiker]]

+ * [[kritisch]]

+ * [[Krise]]

+ * [[Kriterium]]

+ * [[en|criticize]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}