äußern German · revision 35461

+ {{infobox|confidence=established|formation=derivation|attested=14th century|origins=gmh ūȥer}}

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+ ==Pronunciation==

+ * /ˈɔʏ̯sɐn/, [ˈʔɔʏ̯sɐn]^(Wiktionary)

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+ ==Forms==

+ '''äußern''' (third-person singular present äußert, past tense äußerte, past participle geäußert, auxiliary haben)^(Wiktionary)

+

+ ==Etymology==

+ It is [[inh|gmh|ūȥern|t=to give out of one's hands, (reflexive) to renounce]], a verb formed from [[gmh|ūȥer|t=outside; outer]], the source of [[außer]] and [[äußere]].^(Kluge 2011|77)^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Duden 7 2007)^(Paul 2002) Verbs were made from [[aus]] and its derivatives from late Old High German on: the earliest is [[goh|ūzōn|t=to reject, (reflexive) to renounce]], and Middle High German had [[m|gmh|ūzen]] and [[m|gmh|ūzenen]] beside the new verb, which Kluge sees as a clarifying adaptation rather than a fresh formation.^(Kluge 2011|77)^(Pfeifer 1993) Pfeifer leaves open whether it was formed from the adverb or from the adjective.^(Pfeifer 1993) Wiktionary reconstructs an older [[gmw-pro|*ūtiʀōn|t=to place outward]].^(Wiktionary)

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+ The same formation is [[gml|ūteren]], [[nl|uiten]] and [[en|utter]].^(Kluge 2011|77)^(Paul 2002)^(Duden 7 2007)

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+ ==Earliest recorded meaning==

+ Old High German ''ūzōn'' is found in glosses of the 10th century and in Notker, meaning “to reject, exclude” and, reflexively with the genitive, “to renounce”.^(Köbler AHD)^(Schützeichel 2012|366) Paul dates ''äußern'' itself to the 14th century, when it meant “to give out of one's hand or possession”.^(Paul 2002)

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+ ==Semantic evolution==

+ In medieval and Early New High German the verb was much wider than today, and mostly legal: “to hand over, sell off, make known, expel, exclude”; reflexively “to rid oneself of, give up”.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002) Luther wrote of Christ ''Sondern eussert sich selbs / vnd nam Knechts gestalt an'' (“but emptied himself and took the form of a servant”, Philippians 2:7).^(Paul 2002) These senses now belong to [[veräußern]] and [[entäußern]].^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002)

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+ In the 18th century the main sense became “to let something be seen, show”, properly “to let it come outside”, as in Goethe's ''Wahlverwandtschaften'': ''indem er seine ganze Tätigkeit äußert''.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002) Reflexively it meant “to appear, show itself”;^(Paul 2002)^(Adelung 1793) Steinbach in 1734 notes that no game ''äußerte sich'' on a hunt.^(Paul 2002)^(Adelung 1793) Since the Classical period the transitive verb has been limited to expressing opinions and feelings in speech or writing.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002)

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+ ==Timeline==

+ * 10th century – Old High German ''ūzōn'' “to reject” appears in glosses.^(Köbler AHD)

+ * 14th century – ''äußern'' is recorded, at first “to give out of one's possession”.^(Paul 2002)^(Kluge 2011|77)

+ * 1734 – Steinbach records reflexive ''sich äußern'' “to show itself”.^(Paul 2002)

+ * 18th century – The sense “to show, display” prevails.^(Pfeifer 1993)^(Paul 2002)

+ * Late 18th century – ''Äußerung'' is used in the modern senses.^(Paul 2002)

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+ ==Meanings==

+ ===Verb===

+ # To [[m|en|express]], [[m|en|utter]], voice: ''Sie äußerte Zweifel an dem Plan.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary)

+ # ''(reflexive)'' To give one's opinion, [[m|en|comment]]: ''Der Minister wollte sich dazu nicht äußern.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)^(Wiktionary DE)

+ # ''(reflexive)'' To show itself, [[m|en|manifest]] itself: ''Seine Nervosität äußerte sich in einem Zucken der Lider.''^(Duden GWDS 1999)

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+ ==Word family==

+ * [[Äußerung]]

+ * [[entäußern]]

+ * [[veräußern]]

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+ ==Related words==

+ * [[aus]]

+ * [[außer]]

+ * [[äußere]]

+ * [[außen]]

+ * [[en|utter]]

+

+ ==References==

+ {{reflist}}